1895.] L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 357
A list of the Butterflies of Sumatra with especial reference to the Species
occurring in the north-east of the Island—By Lionet pe NICE'VILLE
F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., &c., and Horreatu Dr. L. MARTIN.
[Received 1st; Read 7th August, 1895.]
?
The island of Sumatra, with Java, Borneo and Celcbes, forms one of
the Great Sunda group of islands. Rather more than half as large as
Borneo and more than twice as large as Java, it is nearly as large as
France. Some 1,070 miles in length, with an average breadth of over
120 miles, it has a total area of about 128,000 square miles, or 8,000
more square miles than are contained in the United Kingdom. Oblong
in shape, with its longer diameter running north-west to south-east,
the island lies between 95° and 106° Long. E., and is almost exactly
bisected by the equator, six degrees north and south of which it extends.
On the west it is washed by the great Indian Ocean with no adjacent
land except a parallel chain of small islands of which Nias is the largest ;
to the east is the shallow Strait of Malacca, with the Malay Peninsula
and the large island of Banka and a few other smaller ones at no great dis-
tance. To the south lies the large island of Java, separated only by the
narrow Sunda Strait; to the north the Nicobar and Andaman chain of
islands seem to form a natural continuation of the enormous volcanic range
of mountains that beginning in the Banda Sea, extends through the
islands of Wetter, Flores, Sumbawa, Lombok, Bali, Java and Sumatra,
and endsinthe Andaman Sea. Throughout the whole length of Sumatra
extends a mountain-system of several parallel ranges, with large central
plateaus or highlands. In this system, called ‘The Barisans,” the
highest mountains are mostly volcanoes, which reach an altitude of
about 15,000 feet in Mount Kassoumba. Other lofty peaks are Indra-
pura, 12,255; Lusi, 11,000; Dempo, 10,562; Abong-Abong, 10,000 ;
Ophir, 9,940; Merapi, 9,640; Talang, 8,470; and Salamanga, 6,825
fect. Two of these volcanic cones, Merapi and Talang, are said to be
still active. On the west coast the mountains rise abruptly from the
Indian Ocean, and in consequence there is no alluvial soil on that side of
the island ; whilst on the east coast there are large alluvial plains, abound-
ing in water, and intersected by large rivers. This plain is increasing
every year, being gradually built up by a broad belt of mangrove-
swamp. In the northern half of Sumatra in the above-mentioned
alluvial belt, between 3°-4° N. Lat. and 98°-100° E. Lon., are
situated the three small Malayan sultanates of Langkat, Deli, and
Serdang (with the butterfly fauna of which this paper deals), that
are world-renowned for the splendid tobacco grown there, which is
almost entirely used for making the outer covers of cigars. The southern
358 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
and western borders of these sultanates are formed by the Barisans,
here named the Battak mountains from the inhabitants of these ranges
being several tribes of anthropophagous Battaks, the aborigines of
Sumatra. The different ranges of the Battak mountains here inelude
the extensive Toba highlands, which surround the large and for long
mysterions Lake Toba that lies in their centre. North of this lake
is the Karo plateau, inhabited by the Karo-Battak tribe, and forming
the true “ hinter-land” of the above-named sultanates. The northern
boundary of this region—as we deal chiefly with this part of the island,
we will call it “our area’”—is the mountainous land of the Gayoe
and Allas tribes, who are Mahomedans; to the east lies the large
sultanate of Siak. The altitude of the Karo plateau may be estimated
at about 4,000 feet; the highest peaks of the Battak mountains are
Simanabum, nearly 8,000 feet in height, and Sebayak, which is a little
over 7,000 fcet.
Owing to its situation, protected on the south and west by the
Barisans, and with the narrow and quiet Strait of Malacca, beyond
which again is the Malay Peninsula also with a high central range
to the north and cast, there is no monsoon in our area, and consequently
neither a true rainy, nor a true dry season; thongh during tlie
south-west monsoon there is a little more rain than usual, say about
18 days in tho month, while during the north-east monsoon there are
only JL rainy days in tho month. Nevertheless there is a yearly average
rainfall of about 90 inches (2,200 mm.); this, together with a
mean daily temperature of 80°, and an extreme daily range of 12°6°
Fahrenheit, makes a very damp and unhealthy climate, but fits it for a
high development of insect life. The plains of the three sultanates,
the outer ranges of the Battak mountains, and the Battak mountains
themselves, which include the Karo Central Plateau, are the localities
where all the species of Rhopalocera contained in our collections and
enumerated in the following lst, have been captured, except a few
from the Gayoe lands and from Indragiri, another Malayan sultanate
south of Siak, and nearly opposite to Singapore.
The plains were formerly entirely covered with large, dense, lofty
primeval forest, but this has had to make way for the miserable tobacco
plant, of which the cultivation began about the year 1865. The
primeval forest once destroyed by fire and the axe does not grow again,
but is replaced by a high-growing and tenacious species of grass,
called “ Lalang” in Malay (Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill.), which
now entirely covers all the ground temporarily unoceupied by tobacco.
The cultivation of the nicotinous plant pays so highly and yearly
so increases in extent, that there is now no forest whatever left in the
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 309
true tobacco districts of Deli — Deli being the name generally used as a
topographical unity for all the three tobacco-yielding sultanates—and
in consequence, as Imperata arundinacea is not liked by any animal,
there have disappeared not only all the interesting pachyderms, but
also all the butterflies whose food-plants are in the forests. Ten or
twelve years ago, or even six or eight, certain species, for instance the
different black and brown Hupleeas, were to be found commonly every-
where. But then all the forest had not been cut down; now these
species are never seen, having retired to the well-wooded outer hills
and mountains, or to the boundaries of the tobacco districts north of
Langkat, and tothe south in Serdang. Only the most common species
which feed on the Graminece, garden vegetables, cocoa-nut palms and other
fruit-trees and on ubiquitous plants remain. So it has become neces-
sary to send our collectors far away out of range of tobacco cultivation.
Revarding the elevations of the different places where our cap-
tures were made, we could generally distinguish four well-separated
ZONES :—
1l. The zone of the plains from the sea-board to the elevation of
Namoe Oekor (266 feet), with the subzone of the beach, situated quite
close to the mangrove fence of the coast. Laboean and the Saentis
Estate are localities in this subzone, whereas Mabar (25 feet), Paya
Bakong (40 feet), Stabat (45 feet), Medan, the capital of the Deli
district (50 feet), Selesseh (90 feet), and Dr. Martin’s later station
at Bindjei (100 feet), all belong to this first zone.
2. The zone of the outer hills, beginning some few miles south
of Namoe Oekor and extending to Bekantschan, the elevation of this
district being between 300 and 2,400 feet. Kampong (village) Singha-
pura (725 feet), Namoe Tampis and Namoe Blanka (1,050 feet), are
good localities in thig zone, to which may also be added the villages of
Bohorok and Kepras, situated more to the west in the direction of the
Gayoe country.
3. The zone of the higher mountains which begins south of Be-
kantschan, and ends on the margin of the Central Plateau, with the
frequently-visited valley of the Soengei Batoe (4,125 feet). Between
Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe there is the Bekantschan pass, leading
to the Central Plateau, at an elevation of 4,785 feet.
4. The Central Plateau itself, with no elevation less than 4,000
feet. The Kampongs of Naman, Beras Tepoe, Soekanaloe, and Atjih
Djahé more to the south in the direction of lake Toba, were the spots
where our collectors were most successful.
Two other good collecting places have to be mentioned. The first
is Paya Bakong which is situated quite in the centre of tobacco-land.
360 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Owing to the fortunate presence of an undrainable swamp on either side of
the little Diski river, it still possesses a pateh of high forest of several
square miles in extent, in which many of the rarer speeies such as
Charazxes, Papilio hermocrates, Felder, and P. delessertit, Guérin, have
found an asylum. The second, the often-mentioned Selesseh, lies at a
distanee of six miles from Bindjei, and is on the border of tobaeco cultiva-
tion and immediately to the west of the village of Selesseh, where there
is splendid continuous primeval forest which yields precious crops of
rare butterflies, especially on the banks of the large Wampoe river.
Our colleetors were usually Battaks from the two mountainous
zones ; to Selesseh, however, and other places in the plains we usually
sent two very clever Chinamen. The latter were most zealous if given
some advanee of pay, which allowed them to buy some neeessary
provisions and the never-to-be-omitted opium. On their return with
their bag of captured butterflies they received the balanee of their
monthly salary, together with an extra bonus for any rarer spoil they
may have been fortunate enough to eapture. The Battaks received
some rice and salt fish, enough to feed them for a fortnight, before
leaving for the mountains, but as they are inveterate gamblers, and
will not turn out of their villages till they had lost at some game of
hazard or another every cent they posscss, no advanee in eash was
given them. When all their money from the fruits of their last expe-
dition was lost, then they asked for a tin box, some butterfly papers
and a net, and moved off with their provisions very slowly and reluc-
tantly southwards to the evergreen mountains. Being moreover very
lazy, it was impossible to grant them a fixed salary, so they were paid
solely by results, and by valuation of the captures they bronght in. On
their return from the mountains after delivering the insects and re-
ceiving their dollars, they immediately set to gambling, and did not
appear again on the surface so long as a cent remained. All Battak
colleetors, even the most intelligent and zealous, lose their interest in
the subjeet after a certain time, and would return with hardly any-
thing, or a few common and useless species, and in consequence had
to be discharged —a very great inconvenience, as it always takes a long
time to break in a native as a good collector. Of course there was
always lost or damaged many a rare and fine specimen through the
awkwardness of a new collector. A few Gayoe collectors also were
employed, who went farther away to the north and west to the Gayoe-
lands. They bronght various species of Charazes largely, Prioneris
clemanthe, Donbleday, Ixias ludekingii, Vollenhoven, Hebomoia borneénsis,
Wallaee, Papilio perses, de Nicéville, and P. payent, Boisduyal, all of
whieh are very rare or do not occur at all on the Central Plateau. In
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 361
1893 and 1894, Mr. de Nicéville induced three amateur collectors in
British India to send down to Sumatra some of the well-known
Lepcha collectors from Darjiling to Dr. Martin’s care. These men
met with very good success, though at first they were afraid to mix
with the cannibal Battaks and refused to go to the mountains. How-
ever, after giving them a Battak guide and interpreter they went off
to the hills regularly, and did very well there.
A large proportion of the really rare endemic species of buttcr-
flies found in the island occur only in the mountains, from the lower
slopes of which and from the high Central Plateau, alone, are obtained
the interesting species that are common to the eastern Himalayas
and Sumatra, clearly showing the aforetime continuation of the Asiatic
continent by way of the Malay Peninsula through Sumatra to Java
and Bali, between which latter small island and the equally small island
of Lombok occurs the deep depression in the sea floor which forms
“ \Wallace’s Line,” dividing the Indo-Malayan from the Austro-Malayan
region. The most remarkable of these species which are common
to the Sikhim Himalayas and the mountains of Sumatra, but which
have not as yet been recorded from the intervening Malay Peninsula
are—
Enispe euthymius, Doubleday.
Pareba vesta, Fabricius, local race vestita, de Nicéville.
Apatura namouna, Doubleday.
Neptis sankara, Kollar.
Argynnis niphe, Linneus.
Limenitis danava, Moore, local race albomarginata, Weymer.
T dudu, Westwood, local race bockit, Moore.
Oyrestis (Chersonesia) risa, Doubleday and Hewitson, local race
cyanee, de Nicéville.
Castalius ananda, de Nicéville.
Arrhopala teesta, de Nicéville.
Ilerda epicles, Godart, local race ila, de Nicéville.
Rapala schistacea, Moore.
s scintilla, de Nicéville.
Delias belladonna, Fabricius.
Terias libythea, Fabricius.
' Huphina nadina, Lucas.
x nerissa, Fabricins, local race sumatrana, Hagen.
Papilio cloanthus, Westwood, local race sumatrana, Hagen.
» payent, Boisduval.
Cupitha purreea, Moore.
Halpe zema, Hewitson.
362 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
As mentioned above, north-eastern Sumatra does not possess a
well-marked dry- and wet-season, such as is found over most of the
continent of India, there being no month in the year when it does not
rain ; indeed it is rare for a week to pass without a shower, consequently
there are no dry-season forms of butterflies to be found in Sumatra except
the dry-season form of Melanitis ismene, Cramer (=leda, Linneus, aucto-
rum), which, as also in Java, is found all the year round equally commonly
with the wet-season ocellated form, M. determinata, Butler.
We would especially bring to notice the oecurrence in North-
Eastern Sumatra of a very peculiar endemic form of the female of Papilio
memnon, Linneus. It belongs to the first form group of females of
the species, i.e., the form which has no tail to the hindwing and is
most like the male; the second form is also tailless, but has a large
white pateh on the outer half of the hindwing never found in the
first form. This peculiar first form female has the ‘ epaulettes ” (i.e.
the basal portion of the discoidal cell of the forewing on both surfaces)
almost pure whitc, faintly tinged only with ochreous, so that it may
perhaps be called cream-coloured. It probably mimics the second form
female of Papilio forbesi, Grose Smith, which also possesses similar
white epaulcttes, the first form lacking them altogether, and is
therefore like the male. It may be urged against this theory that
females of P. forbesi are very rare, especially the white-epauletted
second form, Dr. Martin having obtained only two specimens of it.
But this scareity is probably more apparent than real, both sexes of
P. forbesi occurring in equal numbers, but the males coming down to
the hill streams to drink are caught in large numbers, while their less
thirsty spouses keep only to the thiek forest where they cscape the
dangers of the butterfly net.
It should be pointed out that de Nieéville is solely responsible for
the nomenclature employed in this paper, and for all statements ap-
pearing in the first person singular, together with the descriptions of
species and sexes; while Martin, who has lived for 13 years in north-
east Sumatra, is mainly responsible for the notes on distribution in the
island itself, searcity or rarity, season of occurrence, &c., of the
various species; de Nicéville having but twice visited Sumatra, and
then only for short periods.
The literature of the subject is of course very scattered and frag-
mentary. The following is a list of the principal papers dealing with
the Rhopalocera of Sumatra : —
I. P. ©. T. Snellen. Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xx, p. 65 (1877), “ Le-
pidoptera op Sumatra verzameld, voornamelijk in Atehin.” Enumer-
ates 30 species.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Putterfiies of Sumatra. 363
II. Henley Grose Smith. Appendix v of “The Head-Hunters
of Borneo” by Carl Bock. English edition, 1881. “List of Sumatra
Butterflies.” Hnumerates 226 species.
TII. P. ©., T. Snellen, Tijd, voor Ent., vol. xxxii, p. 215 (1890),
“ Lijst van Lepidoptera op Sumatra.” Enumerates 48 species.
IV. Dr. B. Hagen. “Die Pflanzen- und Thierwelt von Deli auf
der Ostküste Sumatra’s.” Separat-Abdruck aus “Tijdschrift van
het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap.” Jaar-
gang 1890. Leiden.—E. J. Brill. Enumerates 323 species.
V. P. C. T. Snellen. “ Midden-Sumatra.” Lepidoptera (1892).
Enumerates 104 species,
VI. Dr. B. Hagen. Iris, vol. vii, p. 1 (1894). ‘“Verzeichniss der
von mir auf Sumatra gafangenen Rhopaloceren.” Enumerates 109 species
in the subfamilies Papilionine, Pierinæ and Danainæ only.
VII. Hofrath Dr. L. Martin. “Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge
von Nordost-Sumatra.” Munich, 1895. Pts. I and II. Enumerates 9
species.
Besides these papers exclusively on Sumatra butterflies search has
been made for all references to the butterflies of the island in Mr. W.
F. Kirby's “ A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera ” up to
1877, and “ The Record of the Zoological Literature ” up to 1893, the
date of the last volume published; Dr. A. R. Wallace’s papers on
Eastern Butterflies; Mr. A. G. Butler’s paper on the Butterflies of
Malacca; Dr. O. Staudinger’s “ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” and the
Butterflies of Palawan; Herr Georg Semper’s “ Schmetterlinge der
Philippinischen Inseln;” and Mr. W. L. Distant’s “Rhopalocera
Malayana.” It is hoped that the list is fairly complete as far as
present knowledge goes. The remarks on each species are headed by
the names of the different writers who have recorded the species from
Sumatra. All those species that have not been obtained by ourselves
have an asterisk (*) prefixed to the name. Dr. Martin is of opinion
that this list cannot be greatly extended, and that it is nearly complete.
I do not agree with him; up to the last month of his stay in the island,
species new to the list continued to be obtained ; besides which, con-
sidering the vast extent of the island, that it is largely covered with
almost impenetrable virgin forest, that a considerable portion of the
country has never been explored, that it contains a continuous chain of
high volcanic mountains running throughout its entire length which is
almost unknown, and has been crossed from north to south in but few
places, and finally that Dr. Martin’s collectors visited a few favoured
spots only, at most 50 miles apart, I think it almost certain that this list
will some day be increased by an additional 100 species at least. At the
J. 11. 46
364 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
same time we may we think point with some httle pride to the fact that
it is far larger than any loeal list whieh has ever been published exeept
for eertain places in Central and South America, containing as it does some
756 species. Next to it probably in size is de Nicéville’s “ A List of the
Butterflies of Sikhim” in the Gazetteer of Sikhim (1894), in which 631
species are enumerated. Synonomy for the commoner and better known
species has not bcen given; but all references to figures of speeies from
Sumatra and lately deseribed species, as well as synonyms of reeent
date have as far as known been entered.
The imperfections of this list are doubtless many, but we would
ask our adverse critics to remember the disadvantages of working in
a tropical climate, and also the many letters that have to be written,
the number of books to be consulted, the many eollectors to be
“ eaught,” trained, supplied with neeessaries and depatehed to the colleet-
ing grounds, and the time oecupied in preparing and eonserving the
specimens when obtained, before a list similar to this one can be pre-
sented to, let us hope, an indulgent public.
Family NYMPHALIDZ,
Subfamily DANAINE.
1. Hesta ryncevs, Drury.
H. reinwardti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 218, n. 3.
H. druyri, l. c., p. 219, n. 6.
Snellen as linceus [sie]. Hagen as lynceus and lyncens [sic].
Grose Smith. Butler, Staudinger. Distant. Moore as reinwardti and
druyri. A eommon species, oeeurring from the lower slopes of the moun-
tains to the sea. As usual it is very variable, two of these varieties
have been deseribed by Moore as distinet speeies oceurring in Sumatra,
The dark varicty figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay., pl. i, fig. 2,
only eomes from plaees near the mountains and the outer slopes where
the rainfall is far heavier than in the plains, while the lighter speeimens
are found in the forests of the alluvial plain, but the two forms gradually
merge the one into the other, and no distinguishing line ean be drawn
between them. Specimens of the genus Hestia are nearly always seen
in pairs, and are very fond of flying over the small streams so common
in oar forests. They never leave the high forest, probably beeause
they have a very weak flight, and their enormous tissue-paper-like
wings eannot withstand the wind away from the shelter of the trees.
2. HESTIA BELIA, Westwood.
Hagen as linteata, The Sumatran form of this species appears to
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 365
be nearer to the Javan H. belia than to the whiter H. linteata, Butler,
from the Malay Peninsula, but at best the latter is butia local race of
the former. For many years there existed a single specimen in Dr.
Martin’s collection without locality label, and he nearly despaired of gct-
ting it again, when in May, 1894, he obtained all at once in one spot five
specimens from Bandar Quala in Serdang, where no specimen of
H. lynceus, Drury, is ever found, as Mr. Puttfarcken, a very enthusiastic
collector of that place, has noted.
3. Ineorsis (Gamana) Daos, Boisduval.
Snellen as Hestia daos. Hagen as I. daos, Horsfield and Moore
[sic]. Butler. Staudinger. Distant. Mr. W. F. Kirby, in “Allen’s
Naturalist’s Library. Lepidoptera,” vol. i, p. 15 (1894), suggests that
the form of this species occurring in Sumatra may be distinct from the
typical Bornean form. I possess specimens from both islands, and
find that they agree almost exactly. Dr. Staudinger refers to a darker
form of the species occurring in Sumatra and Nias. The former is
normal ; the latter is the Gamana costalis of Moore, and is a distinct
species. In Sumatra J. daos is found not higher than Bekantschan. It
is mimicked by a very beautiful day-flying Moth, probably of the genus
Isbarta, Walker (? I. glauca, Walker, from Sumatra), family Zygeenide.
On “ The Crag” at Penang, 2,000 feet, I. daos is very common.
4, Danais (Radena) vuiearis, Butler.
Grose Smith. A common species of the plains, the female much
rarer than the male. It occurs all the year round, but if there should
be a break in the regular rainfall, as there is sometimes in February
and March, then only worn specimens are on the wing, shewing that
damp weather is necessary for the disclosure of imagines; otherwise
generation follows generation regularly throughout the year.
5. *Danais (fadena) simiuis, Linneus.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Mr. Henley Grose Smith is the
only writer who gives both D. vulgaris, Butler, and D. similis from
Sumatra. Mr. Moore restricts D. similis to Hongkong and Formosa.
I greatly doubt its occurrence in Sumatra.
6. *Dawnais (Radena) JUVENTA, Cramer.
Moore, Semper from West Sumatra. As it is found in Singapore
(Moore), Banka, Java, Labuan, Lombok and Billiton, it is possible that it
may also occur in Sumatra in the south and west. Banka and Java
are only separated from Sumatra by very narrow straits.
366 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra, [No. 3,
7. Damaris (Tirumala) SEPTENTRIONIS, Butler.
Hagen. Quite common in the plains and lower slopes of the hills.
8. *Dawnais (Tirumala) Lrmniace, Cramer.
Hagen. As this species occurs in Burma and the Nicobar Isles, it
is possible that it may also be found in Sumatra, However, as Dr.
Hagen records in his first paper D. limniace and no D. septentrionis,
and in his second paper D. septentrionis and no D. limniace, his first.
identification was probably incorrect.
I wish to take this opportunity to record the occurrence of a but-
terfly in Malayana which has been well-named in English “ The Wan-
derer,” but about whose specific name there has of late years been
much contention and confusion. Formerly it was known as Danais
archippus, Fabricius (1793), then as Danais (Anosia) plezippus, Linneus
(1758); recently, however, Mr. W. F. Kirby in “ Allen’s Naturalist’s
Library. Lepidoptera,” vol. i, pp. 12 and 19 (189-4), has pointed out that
the Papilio plevippus of Linneeus, and the Papilio archippus of Cramer
[sic, ? Fabricins] cannot apply to this species, and that it should be known
as Danais (CAnosia) menippe, Hübner, described in 1816. But an older
name than this last is Papilio erippus, Cramer (1775), which should ap-
parently be applied to it, unless Danais erippus, described from Brazil,
be considered to be a distinct species from D. menippe, which, however,
Mr. Scudder is not prepared to admit it to be, in which case D. erippus
must be applied to “The Wanderer.” It is certain, however, that
D. erippus is not the typical form, being in fact a local race of D, menippe,
so that our species must, as Kirby says, be known as D. menippe,
Hübner. In my opinion the most accurate nomenclature for the butter-
fly would be Danuis (Anosia) erippus menippe, Hübner. At any rate the
specics here treated has been well figured by Cramer in “ Papillons
Exotiques ” on plate cevi, figs. E, F (1779), from a female example as
Papilio plexippus. Mr. W. F. Kirby has already recorded it from Java,
I now, for the first time I believe, record it from North Borneo, the late
Mr. W. Davison, who was for some years and till his death the Curator of
the Rafiles Museum, Singapore, having sent me to sce a male specimen
from that island. The Rev. W. J. Holland, Ph. D., in the Ann. Report Ent.
Soc. Ontario for 1893, notes that he has received single specimens of
Danais plevippus, Linneus, from Borneo and Java, also its occurrence in
the Azores. In Part ii of a new edition of Morris’ ‘‘A History of British
Butterflies,” p. 72 (1895), it is stated (though the authority is not given)
to have been found in the Andaman Islands. Furthermore, the late
Mr. E. F. T. Atkinson in 1889 presented a female specimen of this
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 367
species to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which was captured on the
19th April, 1889, by Mr. C. White, the chief officer on board the Penin-
sular and Oriental S. S. “ Ravenna ” in the Straits of Malacca (which is
at the point where the butterfly was caught only a few miles broad), not
far off the island of Pulo Jara between Penang and Singapore. It is there-
fore not at all improbable that the butterfly flew off from either the
adjacent island of Sumatra or from the Asiatic mainland. I have for
some years past been looking forward to its capture in India proper,
and I think it cannot be long hence before we have evidence of its hav-
ing established itself on this continent.
P.§.—Since the above was in type, I have lighted on an article in
“ The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation,” vol. v, p. 1
(1894), by Dr. F. J. Buckell, entitled “ Danais archippus, Anosia
plexippus, or What,” in which he discusses the question of the correct
name by which “ The Wanderer” should be known, and arrives at the
following conclusions :—
“ 1.—The balance of argument is against the claim that the Ameri-
can insect is the plexippus of Linneeus.
2.—The earliest name given to that species was erippus, Cramer,
and, if the ‘law of priority’ is to be pedantically adhered to, this is the
trivial name that must be adopted.
3.—The Fabrician name, archippus, is that by which the specics
has beeu most widely known, and as changes in accustomed nomencla-
ture are to be deprecated, and as, moreover, erippus, Cramer, is a
varietal form found in Brazil, archippus should be retained as the trival
name of the species, and erippus used as the name of the variety.”
As will be seen above, I am unable to follow Dr. Buckell in
his conclusions, priority of nomenclature must in all cases be strictly
maintained,
9. Danats (Limnas) CHRYSIPPUS, Linnæus.
Snellen. Hagen. Moore. Found only in the allnvial plain, all the
year round, but always very local, and restricted to spots where its food-
plant, species of Calotropis and Asclepias, are found in abundance. There,
under a concatination of favourable circumstances, an immense increase
of the species, and thousands of specimens, appear. When an over
population of this nature occurs, all the food-plants are entirely
eaten up by the caterpillars, food gets scarce, and the few butterflies
which reach maturity are very small. It takes a long time to recover,
and not a single specimen may be seen for a year.
Aberration alcippus, Cramer (=alcippoides, Moore). Hagen as var.
alcippoides. Semper as alcippus froma small island near Sumatra
368 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
(Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxiii, pp. xiii and xiv (1880). Alphéraky has figured
this aberration in Romanoff’s ‘‘ Mémoires sur les Lépidoptéres,” vol. v,
p. 220, pl. xi, fig. 3, female (1889), from Teneriffe. Mr. Moore records
this “species ” from Singapore; it is almost as common as D. chrysippus
in the plains of Sumatra. I am unable to consider D. alcippoides,
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 238, n. 3, pl. xxxi, fig. 1, male,
as an aberration even to be distinct from the D. alcippus of Cramer.
It is true that the oblique subapical series of spots on the forewing,
especially on the underside, appears to be somewhat broader in
Oriental than in African specimens (I have, however, only Cramer’s
figure of the African form of D. alcippus to guide me), but all the
other characters given by Mr. Moore to distinguish between the two
forms are so obviously variable even in Sumatran specimens that they
can have no specific value. I hold that D. alcippus is an occasional
aberration or “sport” only of D. chrysippus, certainly not a distinct
species. Dr. Martin during the first years of his residence in Sumatra
froin 1882 to 1891, as also Dr. Hagen, never saw D. alcippus, the
first specimens appearing in 1892 near Selesseh, immigrating into
Deli from the north-west. Since that year the true D. chrysippus
has become rarer and rarer, and the aberrational form has become
more and more common. 7
10. Dawnais (Salatura) INTERMEDIA, Moore.
Salatura sumatrana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 242, n. 8.
Moore as sumatrana. Hagen as genutia. Very common in the
plains of Sumatra. It is, I think, a very remarkable fact that
D. plexippus, Linneus,* which is a common species in the Malay
Peninsnla, should not be found in Sumatra, but be replaced by D. inter-
media, which latter in the Malay Peninsula is probably only an aber-
ration or “sport” of D. plexippus, but has become fixed as a distinct
specics in Sumatra. In my collection from the Asiatic mainland I
have every gradation between typical D. plexippus and D. intermedia.
I am quite unable to find any character by which to separate D. suma-
trana, Moore, from D. intermedia, Moore.
* Mr. W. F. Kirby has recently shewn in ‘‘ Allen’s Naturalist’s Library. Lepi-
doptera,” vol. i, p. 19, pl. v, fig. 1, male (189+), that the butterfly which has for the
last fifteen years or so gone underthe name of Danais genutia, Cramer (1779), must
revert tothe name by which it was previously almost universally known, viz., Danais
plezippus, Linnæus (1758), which latter was described as having a white band
on the forewing like D. chrysippus, Linnæus, a character not found in any
American species of Danais, D. plexippus having been originally erroneously
described from America.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 369
11. Dawnats (Salatura) HEGESIPPUS, Cramer.
Snellen as hegesippus and as melanippus, the latter being a dis-
tinct local race from Java. Hagen as melanippus, var. hegesippus.
Butler as melanippus. Distant as melanippus, var. hegesippus. It
was figured by Cramer from a female specimen from the west coast of
Sumatra. D. intermedia, Moore, is found in the smaller hills bordering
the alluvial plain, and is still to be got at Bekantschan, whereas
D. hegesippus is always found within a moderate distance of the sea.
On the islands of Penang, Singapore and Riau (the latter belonging
to the Dutch) D. hegesippus occurs commonly, while D. intermedia is
decidedly rarer, or wanting altogether.
12. Dawnais (Bahora) aseasia, Fabricius.
Hagen as crocea; also as aspasia, var. crocea. Staudinger. Dis-
tant as aspasia, var. crocea. I am quite unable to separate D. crocea,
Butler, from D. aspasia, vide Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 13,
(1895). Ihave a large series of these two supposed distinct species
from the typical localities for each, and they are absolutely indis-
tinguishable. D. aspasia may be found in Sumatra all the year
round, but always only singly. In the spots where a blue Heliotrope-
like flower is in abundance, the males of this species wil] occur singly
together with numerous species of Danais and Huplea, but the
females are only found in the forests, and never frequent these well-
beloved flowers of their husbands, brothers and cousins.
13. Danais (Parantica) AGLAIOIDES, Felder.
Hagen as agleoides [sic]. Grose Smith as agleoides [sic]. Stau-
dinger as agleoides [sic]. Distant as agleoides [sic]. The males are very
common in the plains, the females very rare as in the case of D. vulgaris,
Butler. On the wing these two species are hardly distinguishable.
14. *Danais (Parantica) GRAMMICA, Boisduval.
Grose Smith. Dr. Martin has never met with this species. Mr.
Moore restricts it to Java, but it may quite possibly occur at the south-
east end of Sumatra, which is only separated from Java by the very
narrow Sunda Strait. It is known to me by Boisduval’s figure only.
15. Dawais (Caduga) tytroipes, de Nicéville.
D. melaneus, Cramer, var. tityoides [sic], Hagen, Die Pflanzen- und Thierwelt
von Deli auf der ostktiste Sumatra’s, p. 192, n. 5 (1890).
D. (Caduga) tytioides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p. 37, n. 1, pl. K, figs. 1, male; 2, female (1893).
Hagen, Occurs somewhat rarely only on the Central Plateau and
370 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
not below 3,000 feet elevation, not even being found at Bekantschan.
As Dr. Hagen wrongly diagnosed this species by making it a “ variety ”
of D. melaneus, Cramer, which it certainly is not, seeing that it
is a local race of D. fytia, Gray; as moreover, he spelt the name
incorrectly, I refuse to accept his name for the species, though
it is prior to mine. In all cascs where a species has been first described
incorrectly as a “variety” of another species, and is subsequently
proved to be a distinct species, it is optional for the author who so
proves it to be distinct to use the varietal name so given to it ina full
specific sense, or to rename it altogether.
16. Danats (Caduga) Banxst, Moore,
Caduga banksii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 18838, p. 251, n. 8.
Moore. Grosc Smith as melaneus, Cramer. Semper as aglea,
Cramer. Hagen as aglea and melaneus. It is a good local race of
D. melaneus, Cramcr, from the eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma,
and the Malay Peninsula. Occurs on the Central Plateau and higher
hills as also in the plains, the specimens from the highest points being
richer and darker iu colour than those from a lower elevation. l
17. *EurLæa (Menama) Buxtont, Moore.
Menama buxtoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1883, p. 265, n. 5.
Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. Dr. Martin has not
met with any species of this distinct subgenus in Sumatra.
18. *EcrLæa (Menama) movesta, Butler.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Siam. Itis more than
doubtful if two species of the subgenus Menama occur in Sumatra. Dr.
Hagen records quite funnily “ Wenama species near loeza.” He does not
appear to know that Menama is a genus of Mr. Moore’s, he treats the
name as specific. The species “ loeza” is probably intended to mean
Menama lorzæ, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 265, n, 6, pl.
xxxi, fig. 5, male, from Sandakan, North Borneo.
19. EvurLEæA (Tronga) BREMERI, Feldcr.
Hagen. Butler. A common species in the plains and occurs also in
the lower ranges of the mountains up to 1,500 feet elevation. In
December, 1894, and January, 1595, Dr. Martin obtained hundreds of
specimens from Kepras,a village on the boundary between Langkat
and the independent Battak country, The female is always somewhat
scarce. It may be of interest to note that out of large numbers of but-
terilies of this spccics there are always to be found a few males which
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 371
have on the upperside of the forewing a short and sometimes even a
quite distinct and longer ‘‘ male-mark.” The genus Tronga comes into
Mr. Moore’s group A of the Hupleina, which is defined as having “ No
‘sexual-mark’ or scent-producing organ on forewing.” But there are
many exceptions to this definition.
20. EvrLæa (Tronga) mooret, Butler.
Butler. Kirby. Moore. This species may be distinguished from
E, bremeri, Felder, by its smaller size, the duller colour of the upperside of
beth wings, being brown, not black, with all the white spots smaller. It
never shews any traces of a “ male-mark.” It occurs in the plains about
equally commonly as EH. bremeri, though it is found also at somewhat
greater elevations in the hills, occurring even on the Central Plateau ;
these latter specimens show only very few white spots.
21. *EurLæA (Tronga) HEYLÆRTSII, Moore.
Tronga heylertsii, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 79 (1890).
Moore. Described from Sumatra, but we have failed to recognise
it.
22. Eveta@a (Adiyama) MaLayica, Butler.
Euplea ochsenheimeri, Lucas, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 12, n. 1,
pl. ii, figs. 1, 2, male (1892).
Grose Smith as ochsexheimetert [sic], Moore. Snellen as ochsen-
heimeri, Lucas. Hageu as ochsenketmert, Butler and Lucas. Staudinger.
Distant. This beautiful and large species is found only in the deep forests
of the plains, never higher than Namoe Oekor. It flies mostly alone high
over the small openings in the evergreen forests, and is found all the year
round, but never in large numbers, There has been much confusion
regarding the name Fuplæa ochsenhermert. Two species have been so
called, one by Lucas in 1853, and one by Moore in 1857, both from Java,
Mr. Moore places his own species in the genus Adiygama, and Lucas’
in Tiruna. There has been no Huplea named ochsenhetmert by Butler,
as stated by Dr. Hagen. To further complicate matters, Snellen figures
E. malayica, Butler, as E. ochsenhetmert, Lucas, with which it has
nothing wha'ever in common.
23. *Kuet@a (Andasena) BELINDA, Butler.
Euplea belinda, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 299,
n. 2 (1878).
Butler. Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. We have seen
no Fuplea from Sumatra belonging to the subgenus Andasena.
Jou. 47
372 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
24. *EUPLŒA (Andasena) OROPE, Boisduval.
Kirby. Butler asa var. with a query, from Sumatra. Originally
described from Taiti, recorded from Timor by Butler. Very doubtfully
Sumatran.
25. *EvpLæA (Betanga) scHerzert, Felder.
Kirby. Originally described from Ceylon. Entirely unknown to us. ,
26. Evetma (Penoa) MENBTRIESII, Felder,
Grose Smith. Hagen. Distant. Not very common. Found in the
plains and also on the outer hills as high as Bekantschan. The female is
much rarer than the male, and often shews a white spot in the discoidal
cell of the forewing ou the upperside. It has in the male a much
smaller “ male-mark ” than F. pinwillii, Butler.
27. Evupie@a (Penoa) pinwitti, Butler.
Hagen as pinwilli, Godardt [sic]. Staudinger. Is very common
everywhere at low clevations, and especially frequents the above-men-
tioned Heliotrope-like flowers. The female is of course much rarer than
the male, and possesses a violet gloss to both wings on the upperside,
which the female of B. ménétriésii, Felder, never has. It has in the
male a much larger “ male-mark ” than in F. méneétriésic.
28. *EvreLæa (Crastia) core, Cramer.
A single female recorded from Sumatra by Snellen, the specimen
being probably some species of Tronga. E. core is practically confined to
the continent of India.
29, Euptawa (Crastia) pistanrit, Moore.
Crastia distantii, Moore, Aun. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. ix,
p. 453 (1882).
Eupiwa distanti, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 32, n. 13, pl. v, fig. 9, male (1882).
Crastia distanti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 278, n.5, pl. xxix,
fig. 6, male.
Moore. Hagen as distanti [sic]. Distant as distanti [sic]. Ori-
ginally described from Sumatra. Never found at the higher elevations
in the hills, and is more plentiful near the sea; especially so in both sexes
ou both sides of the Wampoe River near the village of Stabat. It is the
commonest of the brown Wupleus in our area. Both sexes exhibit very
many variations in the shade of the brown colour of both wings. The
male has sometimes absolutely no “ male-mark ” as should be exhibited
according to Mr. Moore’s definition of his group A; there is sometimes
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 373
a small one on the upperside of the forewing in the submedian inter-
space; sometimes there is a large narrow mark ; sometimes a large broad
mark asin Mr. Moore’s group B. In some hundreds of specimens which
I have examined I have found every intergrade between these four forms,
which goes to prove that in some groups of Fuplæas the “ male-marks ”
cannot be used in even a subgeneric sense. Dr. Hagen as late as 1889
noted that H. distanti is everywhere very common around the feet of
the traveller. It may here be mentioned that all the brown Hupleas:—
bremeri, moorei, distunti and ægyptus (which follows) were all more or
less plentiful in Deli so long as there were forests. But owing to the
cultivation of tobacco all the forests have been cut down, the brown
Eupleas have become rarer and rarer in the true tobacco districts} but
may still be found as plentifully as in former years only on the boun-
daries of Deli, Langkat and Serdang, where again the forests commence.
Even E. distantit is now decidedly rare in Deli and Langkat proper.
30. *Eupie@a (Crastia) INCONSPICUA, Moore.
Crastia inconspicua, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 279, n. 10.
Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. Unknown to us.
31. *EUPLGA (Crastia) AMYMONE, Godart.
Danais amymone, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 179, n. 11 (1819).
Crastia amymore, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 279, n. 13.
Butier. Moore. Described by Godart from Amboina, recorded from
China and Cochin China by Moore. Unknown to us.
32. *EupLŒA (Crastia) FELDERI, Butler.
Euplæa felderi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 275, n. 20.
Butler. The type (a female) was from Sumatra. Recorded from
Hong Kong by Moore. Unknown to us.
33. Kurna@a (Trepsichrois) LiNNÆI, Moore.
Trepsichrois van-deventeri, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885).
Forbes as van-deventeri. Grose Smith as midamus. Snellen as mida-
mus. Hagen as midamus, Hagen also gives “var. muleiber, Distant
[sic]. Butler as midamus. Staudinger as midamus. Distant as midamus.
Moore. The commonest species of Fuplæa both in the plains and hills in
Sumatra. It is found all the year round and always in fresh generations.
Of all the species of Huplea it is the most mimicked, in the female by
the female of Elymnias laisidis, de Nicéville; in the male by the third
form of the female of Euripus halitherses, Doubleday and Hewitson ;
in the male by the first form of the female of Hypolimnas anomala,
374 L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Wallaee; also Papilio butleri, Janson, in both sexes mimicks both sexes
of this Huplea. The scent of Huplea linnæi reminds Dr. Martin of
“Worcester Sauce.” The males are variable; in one variety the spots
onthe upperside of the forewing are violet, in another they are white.
These latter specimens would appear to agree with E. mulciker, Cramer,
described by him from China and the Coromandel Coast (the latter
locality is certainly erroneous), but restrieted by Moore to the islands
of Borneo and Billiton, My male speeimens of Trepsichrois from Borneo
do not at all agree with Cramer’s figure of “ Papilio” mulciber, having
the spots on the upperside of the forewing very small (muelh smaller
than in typical X. linnæi) and violet, instead of large and white as
portiayed by Cramer.
34, EUPLŒA CASTELNAUI, Felder.
Hagen. Never occurs in Deli, Langkat and Serdang, all the”
speeimens from Sumatra—abont a dozen—in Dr. Martin’s colleetien
were eanght by his brother, Dr. Fried] Martin, in Asahan, sonth of our
area; still further south of Asahan, at Indragiri, where Dr. F. Martin
also eolleeted, he failed to get W. castelnaui. At Penang it oeeurs
close to the sea-shore, bnt it flies high and is not easily eaught. It is
always solitary, several specimens are never seen together,
35. EurLæA (Calliplea) esuxus, de Nieéville, n. sp.
Grose Smith as ledereri and mazares. Hagen as ledererit. Moore
as ledereri. Staudinger as mazares,
Hartat: N.-E. Sumatra.
Exraxse: g, 2'5 to29; 9,2°7 to 30 inches.
Descrierion: Marse and remave. Alied to P. (Calliplæa) mazares,
Moore, from Java, bnt differing therefrom in having the UPPERSIDE of
both wings almost entirely unglossed with purple, while that speeies has
the anterior two-thirds of the forewing and a small pateh in the middle
of the hindwing purple-glossed; the white, violet-glossed spots on both
wings the same.
E. eunus, de Nieéville, from Sumatra, E. mazares, Moore, from
Java, E. ledereri, Felder, from the Malay Peninsula, and F. aristotelis,
Moore, from Borneo, ean be arranged in a regular series by the extent
of the purple-glossing of both wings on the upperside, W. eunus being
the least, 7. arislotelis the most pnrple-glossed ; the latter, indeed, if E
have eorreetly identified it, having the whole of the forewing and a
considerable area on the hindwing very rich irideseent purple.
This speeies is never found at high elevations, not even as high as
Bindjei, but always close to the sea. It is very plentiful on
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 375
the river banks of the Wampoe near Kampong Iuei and Stabat,
and is found in company with Danais hegesippus, Cramer, and Hupioa —
distantii, Moore, the Danainse of the lowest elevations For twelve
years Dr. Martin did not succeed in obtaining a female, only in the last
two years were females found in considerable numbers by the imported
Lepcha collectors from India, but that sex is always much rarer than
the male.
36. Euria@a (Danisepa) DIOCLETIANUS, Fabricius.
Grose Smith as rhadamanthus. Snellen as radamanthus [sic], and
rhadamanthus, Hagen as diochtianus [sic], and rhadamanthus, Hors-
field [sic]. Staudinger as rhadamanthus. Distant. Moore. Mr. Moore
has recently shewn that Fabricius described “ Papilio” diocletianus
from a female, and “ Papilio” rhadamanthus from a male of the same
species, so the earlier name applied to the species is here used irrespec-
tive of the sex. Is rather a common species in the plains, and occurs in
the outer hills as high as Bekantschan; the female is always much
rarer than the male. The male is mimicked by Papilio velutinus, Butler,
and also by the first and second forms of Euripus halitherses, Doubleday
and Hewitson.
37. *EUPLŒA (Selinda) ELEUSINA, Cramer.
Snellen records a single male from Sumatra. But for this solitary
identification the species has always becn considered to be confined to
Java.
38. Euria@a (Salpinz) Levcostictos, Gmelin.
Grose Smith as novare. Hagen as novare. Butler as vestigzata.
Distant as vestigiata. Very rare in Sumatra, perhaps commoner in Java
than elsewhere. I have during many years past added to my collection
every specimen of this group of Huplea I could obtain, and now that I
have very extensive material to compare, I find that itis quite impossible
to separate F. leucostictos, described in 1789, E. dehaunt, Lucas (1853),
E. novare, Felder (1862), E. vestigiata, Butler (1866), E. leucogonys,
Butler (1879), and E. lazulina, Moore (1883). The species is obviously
a variable one, the variations which it exhibits are not confined to parti-
cular localities, but are shewn wherever it is found. Mr. Moore in Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, restricts E. novarse to the Nicobar Isles and
Tenasserim, F. vestigiafa to Sumatra, H. luzulina to Malacca, E. leuco-
gonys to Malacca, E. leucostictos to Java, and F. dehaani to Java. All
Eupleas in Sumatra, both the brown and blue ones, even the rare
E. leucostictos, are exceedingly fond of spots where there is shade from
376. L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
the direct sunlight, especially where there is dead wood, so that they may
frequently be found in the open verandahs of houses near the forest, or
on wooden bridges over rivers, which in Sumatra are almost always
furnished with an attap roof made of palm leaves to protect the wood-
work from the rain. To these places do the Hupleas resort, for a short
time emerging into the sunlight and exhibiting their lovely iridescent
colours, then returning to the favourite spot on wood, where they rest
with folded wings ; this evidently much-enjoyed sport of the butterflies
continuing the whole day till three or four o’elock in the afternoon,
when the lengthening shadows warn them that it is time to retire to
their resting places in the adjoining forest, where they spend the night.
Tt was on one of these wooden bridges that Dr. Martin obtained his first
E. lewcostictos.
39. *EurLÆA (Isamia) CHLOE, Guérin.
Distant. Butler.
40. *Kupi@a (Isamia) DEIJEANI, Distant.
?
Distant. Moore. Mr. Distant expresses the opinion that this species
“ May be but an extreme variety of W. chloé,’ Guérin, which latter by
Mr. Moore is restricted to Province Wellesley in the Malay Peninsula.
Tam also of this opinion, but keep it distinct for the present, as [
have seen no specimen agreeing exactly with Mr. Distant’s figure and
deseription of F. dejeani.
41. *EurLæA (Isamia) sormia, Moore.
Originally described from Sumatra by Moore.
4+2. EvrLæA (Isamia) moyrtus, Butler.
E. ægyptus, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 12, n. 2, pl. i, figs. 1-3,
male (1592).
Grose Smith. Suellen. Hagen. Kirby. Moore. A rather rare
species in the pluns, and found on the lower slopes of the hills as high
as Bekantschan. The female is excessively rare. I have retained this
name for the species of Isamia (I have been able to recognise only one)
occurring in Sumatra, as so many authors have identified the Sumatran
form of E. chloé, Guérin (which is the oldest name for the species of
this group) under it. But I am very strongly of opinion that instead
of four species of Isamia as recorded above occurring in Sumatra there
is only one, and moreover, that several other species kept separate by
Mr. Moore should be added to the synonymy.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 377
43. *HKuet@a (Narmada) consiminis, Felder.
Moore. Originally.described from Java, Unknown to us from
Sumatra.
44, EurLÆæa (Narmada) martini, de Nicéville.
E. (Narmada) martinii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p. 38, n. 2, pl. K, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1893).
Not uncommon in the higher mountains and on the Central Plateau,
but never below 3,000 feet elevation. In this species both sexes were
almost always brought in equal numbers. It is almost unrivalled in
the male in the rich velvety deep black coloration of its upperside.
45. EurLæA (Stictoplea) HARRisu, Felder.
Grose Smith as tyrianthina. Hagen as thyriantina [sic]. Moore as
tyrianthina. As I can exactly match Sumatran specimens of E. tyrian-
thina, Moore, with Khasi Hill examples of E. harrisii, Felder, I record
the species under the latter name, as it is much the older. EH. harrisii
is richly blue-glossed, in spite of Mr. Moore having stated the contrary
in Lepidoptera Indica, vol. i, p. 158 (1891). In Sumatra it is, as this
species goes, fairly constant, though the spots on both wings as usual
shew considerable variation both as to size and number. I possess sonie
which coincide precisely, spot for spot, and in the extent of the blune
coloration, with Mr. Moore’s figure of Stictoploea crowleyi (l.c., pl. li,
fig. 2, male). For notes on the variability and synonomy of E. harrisii,
see de Nicéville, Proceedings Asiatic Society Bengal, 1692, n. 158. In
Sumatra it is found in the alluvial plain and also as high as Bekantschan
and Kepras in the hills. The female is as usual very rare. Dr. Martin
caught his first male specimen under the roof of a wooden bridge over
the Bindjei river near Namoe Oekor,
46. *Eupna@a (Stictoplea) picina, Butler.
E. picina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 280, n. 36, pl. xxx, fig. 1, male.
Butler. Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. Unknown
to us.
47. *Eueta@a (Stictoplea) inconspicua, Butler.
Butler. Moore. Originally described from Sumatra, Unknown
to us.
378 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Subfamily SATYRINSÆ.
48. Mycaesis (Satoa) Mata, de Nicéville.
M. (Satoa) maia, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 1, n. 1, pl. i, figs.
1, male; 2, female (1894).
Grose Smith as maianeas. Snellen as majaneas [sic]. Hagen as
maianeas. Occurs only in the large forest, and never at low elevations,
its region commencing at Namoe Oekor and thence into the hills. It
is always found on or very near to the ground. Very easily damaged,
hardly ever is a perfect specimen obtained.
49, *Mycauesis (Dalapa) supra, Felder.
Moore. Not rare in Java, unknown to ns from Sumatra.
50. Mycauesis (Suralaya) orseis, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Snellen. Kirby. Distant. Also a true
butterfly of the high forest, and is the only Sumatran Mycalesis which
has a bluish gloss ou the upperside of the wings as so many forest butter-
flies have ina greater or less degree, such as the Celites, Thanmantis, Ama-
thuxidia dilucida, Honrath, and others ; even the Lampides of the forest,
L. saturatu, Snellen, L. elpis, Godart, aud L. subdita, Moore, are far
richer and decper blue than the Lampides celeno, Cramer, of the roads.
51. Mycaresis (Orsotriæna) MEDUS, Fabricius.
Hewitson as kesione. Snellen as hesione. Grose Smith as hesione.
Hagen. Distant. Very common in the plains. The dry-season form of
the species fonud iu many parts of Tudia, M. runeka, Moore, is quite
unknown in Sumatra. Dr. Martin has bred it in Sumatra on grass,
from eggs laid by females shut up iu glass prune bottles. He considers
that Orsotriæna should be nsed in its full generic sense, as the larva and
and pupa differ greatly from the larve and pupe of species of Calysisme
and Mydosama which he has also bred from the egg laid in confinement,
the larve of these subgenera also feeding on various species of grass.
M. medus in Sumatra occurs all the year round, generation following
generation in rapid succession. Dr. Martin notes that “ The ocelli on
the underside of the wings possess in this species a quite peculiar glossy
surronnding, which I know to occur only in the Indian genus Zipetes,
Hewitson.”
52. Mycavests (Calysisme) persevs, Fabricius.
Grose Smith as samba and lalassis. Hagen as blasius, var. lalassis,
Hewitson. M. blastus is the wet-season, and M. persens the dry-season
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 379
form of one and the same species; the latter is not found in Sumatra.
Af, lalassis is confined to Gilolo and Amboina according to Mr. Moore.
Not uncommon in the plains, but occurs less freqnently than M. mineus,
Linneus, and M. horsfieldii, Moore.
53. *Mycaresis (Calysisme) porypecta, Cramer.
Snellen as justina. Butler. Mr. Moore gives the ‘‘ Papilio” justina,
Cramer, which was described from the Coromandel Coast of South
India, as a synonym of M. polydecta, and restricts the species to Eastern,
Central, and Southern India, and Ceylon. As the figure of M. justina
is very similar to the wet-season form of M. mineus, Linneus, while the
figure of M. polydecta reminds one at once of the recently-described
J. horsfieldii, Moore, itis, I think, probable that Messrs. Snellen and
Butler have incorrectly recorded this species from Sumatra. Dr. Hagen
gives M. justina as a synonym of J. mineus.
54. Mycarzsis (Calysisme) MINEUS, Linneeus.
Hewitson. Grose Smith as ostrea. Hagen as drusia, and as mineus,
Butler [sic]. Distant. Mr. Moore considers that both M. mitneus and
M. drusia, Cramer, represent the wet-season form of one and the same
species. No dry-season form of it (If. otrea, Cramer, nec M. ostrea,
Westwood, which also equals the dry-season form of M. mineus), occurs
in Sumatra. It is the commonest species of Mycalesis found in the island,
and flies everywhere with M. medus, Fabricius, where there is grass
and a little jungle for it to retire into.
55. Mycavesis (Calysisme) HORSFIELDIT, Moore.
Calysisme horsfieldii, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 197, pl. Ixvi, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, male,
wet-season form; 2c, dry-season form (1892).
The dry- and wet-season forms of this species differ but little. I
have specimens also from Nias Island and Java. M. mineus, Linneus,
M. perseus, Fabricius, and M. horsfieldii all occur at the same time and
place, so there can be no question of one being perhaps a seasonal form of
the other. Besides, the ‘‘male-marks” of the three species differ con-
siderably, that of the latter on the upperside of the hindwing being very
much larger than those of the other two species. Dr. Martin has bred this
species as well as M. mineus, M. ganardana, Moore, and M. anapita, Moore,
from eggs laid by confined females; the larval stage of all four being
very similar and not easy to be differentiated, if mixed together. J. hors-
fieldti and M. anapita would not eat the common ubiquitous Graminex,
so he had to give them other and rarer kinds of grass. Jf. horsfieldii is
common in the plains of Sumatra, the female rarer than the male.
J. I. 48
380 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterfties of Sumatra. [No. 3,
56. Mycatzsis (Culapa) MNASICLES, Hewitson.
M. mnasicles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iit, pl. Mycalesis v, figs. 32, 33, male
(1864).
Hewitson. Grose Smith, Hagen as muasicles [sic]. Distant. Kirby.
Originally described from Sumatra. Rather rare in the forests and ‘in
pepper gardens; not found at so low an elevation even as Namoe Oekor,
somewhat plentiful at Loeu Boentoe near the Battak frontier. This
species is the largest of all the Sumatran Mycalesis, and small males only
may be equalled in size by very large females of M. mineus, Linneeus,
or M. orseis, Hewitson. The shape of the forewing also is very different
from all our other species of the genus.
57. Mycaesis (Martanda) JANARDANA, Moore.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Distant. Occurs not uncommonly
in the forests of the plains. The large deep velvety black spot — which
isa “ male-mark’’—in and around the discoidal cell of the forewing on
the upperside of the male, and the mottled underside of both wings
makes this species of easy recognition. The caterpillars feed only at
night. The butterfly emerges from the pupa very late in the day, not
before two or three o’clock P. M., all the other species bred by Dr.
Martin emerged betwecn nine and ten o’clock a.m. It flies mostly at
dawn and the dusk of the evening, and is a good example of the crepus-
cular habits of so many tropical butterflies.
58. *Mycatesis (Martanda) MEGAMEDE, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Originally described from Ternate;
Hewitson records it from Macassar in Celebes, Gilolo, Batchian, Ternate,
Sumatra, Malacca and Java; Moore records it from Celebes, Gilolo and
Batchian, It is unknown to us.
59. Mycaresis (Mydosama) ruscum, Felder.
Hewitson as diniche. Snellen. Grose Smith as diniche twice over.
Hagen. Distant as fusca [sic]. Common in the forests at the foot of the
hills and alsoin the plains, near rivers, and at Stabat. In coloration
it is intermediate between the fuscous and yellow species of Afycalesis.
60. Mycavesis (Mydosama) anapita, Moore.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Common in the
forests of the plains.
61. Mycaresis (Mydosama) Marcinata, Moore.
Mydosama marginata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 307.
Moore. Hagen. Originally described from Sumatra. Occurs only
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterjlies of Sumatra. 381
on the Central Plateau at an elevation of not less than 3,000 feet at
least. It is quite common where it is found, and is endemic to the
Battak mountains.
62, Mycaresis (Mydosama) ponErtyi, Elwes.
M. dohertyi, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 261, pl. xxvii, figs. 3, males
4, female.
Described from Perak in the Malay Peninsula. Dr. Martin obtain-
ed a single male from Selesseh, and later a female from Soeka-
randa, and in 1894 one pair from Bekantschan. It is one of the rarest
butterflies in Sumatra, as in thirteen years’ collecting he only obtained
these four specimens.
63. *Mycanesis (Mydosama) asopHis, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Mysol. Recorded also
from New Guinea, Waigiou aad Ternate by Moore. Unknown to us,
64. Mycanesis (Loésa) oroatis, Hewitson,
Hagen as oroatis and ustulata. Mr. F. Moore allows D. surkha,
Marshall, to stand for this species, in preference to L, fervida, Butler,
which is an older name, being the first published. Colonel Marshall’s
description of M. surkha was read before Mr. Butler’s paper was pub-
lished, but that does not give priority. M. fervida, M. surkha and
M. ustulata, Distant, are all synonyms of M. oroatrs, described from Java.
The first two names represent dry-season, the last two wet-season forms
of one and the same species. The dry-season form certainly does not
occur in Sumatra, it is unknown to me if itis found in Java. M. oroatis
is somewhat uncommon in the lower hills at Namoe Oekor, Namoe
Tambis, and Bekantschan. It is the darkest of the yellow species of
Mycalesis found in Sumatra. Females are rare.
65. *MYCALESIS MEDUSA.
Grose Smith. This species does not appear to have ever been
described.
66. *MyYCALESIS BOCKII.
Grose Smith. Also apparently nondescript.
It may perhaps be here noted that all the Sumatran species of
Mycalesis are very earth-loving insects, they always keep close to the
ground, which they only leave for higher flights on two occasions, viz.,
during the wedding flight, and when two jealous males meet and fight.
Mycalesis are out on rainy days when there is no sun, and give on such
382 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
days some occupation and consolation to the otherwise disappointed
collector. All the species are very fond of fæces of all kinds and of
sweets, and are often very numerous on pieces of sugar-cane which the
natives have thrown away after removing all the sweet juice possible
by mastication or otherwise, They are also very partial to the red saliva
of the betel-chewing natives.
67. Nerortna Lowi, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Hewitson as Cyllo lowit. Grose Smith. Snellen as Hipio low.
Hagen as Hipio lowit. Staudinger. Distant. Kirby. Occurs only in the
lower hills and is not very common, and when caught is nearly always
in a damaged condition. They are very fond of the juice of some forest
trees, which give forth this liquid when the bark is cut or wounded.
Every observer who has seen it flying has noted its strong likeness to
Papilio helenus, Linnæus, This, however, is not a case of mimicry but
of accidental resemblance only, as P. helenus is not a protected butterfly.
Dr. Martin considers that in its shape and habits it is very near to the
genus Melanitis, being only a gigantic form of the genus.
68. ÅMNXOSIA EUDAMIA, Grose Smith.
A. eudamia, Grose Smith, Nat. Wand. East. Arch., p. 275 (1885).
A, martini, Honrath, Berl. Ent Zeit., vol. xxxvi, p. 489 (1891).
Grose Smith as decora and endumia. Snellen as decora. Hagen
as decora. ‘The late Professor Westwood originally described the genus
Amnosia, and placed it in the subfamily Nymphaline immediately before
Cyrestis, Kirby and Staudinger retain it in the same position. The
late Dr. Schatz placed it between Stibochiona and Hestina. Dr. Hagen
has struck out an independent course, and places it in the subfamily
Amathusiine, between Enispe and Clerome. I am of opinion that it
should come into the subfamily Satyrinw near to the genus Neorina.
The presence of ocelli in the subfamily Nymphalinz is rare, and when
found in such genera as Precis, Junonia, Apatura, Cynthia, Rhinopalpa,
Doleschallia, Kallima, &c., differ in character from the ocelli found in the
Satyrine. The yellow form of female of A. eudamia agrees strikingly in
shape, facies, and its naked eyes with Neorina hilda, Westwood, the type
of the genus, having the veins of the forewing non-swollen at the base,
and a broad oblique yellow band across the disc of that wing. Tn these
features it also strongly resembles Melanitis amabilis, Boisduval, from
New Guinea. Ammnosia differs from Melanitis, however, in having the ~
second median nervule of the hindwing arising at the end of the dis-
coidal cell, instead of well before the end; in this it agrees with
Neorina. Ammnosia differs from Neorinw in the direction of the disco-cellu-
lar nervules of the forewing ; and in having the second median nervule of
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 383
that wing arising at the lower end of the cell instead of long before
the end. All the genera of the Amathustinse have to my eyes a facies
peculiar to themselves not seen in Ammnosia; besides which in all the
genera except Xanthotænia the discoidal cell of the hindwing is open or
only partially closed, in the Satyrinæ it is closed entirely, Ammnosia
therein agreeing with the latter. The genus at present contains four
species, A. decora, Doubleday and Hewitson, from Java, A. eudamia,
Grose Smith, from Sumatra, A. baluana, Fruhstorfer, from North
Borneo, and A. decorina, Fruhstorfer, from Nias. The male of A. eu-
damia differs from that sex of A, decora in having the oblique blue
band on the upperside of the forewing broader, paler, and of a more
silvery hue. The female of A. ewdamia is dimorphic, one form having
the band yellow, the other having it white; specimens somewhat inter-
mediate between these two forms, the band being yellowish-white, are
sometimes obtained. Dr. Martin informs me that he has received both
forms of A. decora from Java also. He took the first white females of
A. eudamia ever obtained to Europe in 1889, from them the late Herr
Honrath created the species Amnosia martini, not being aware that
Mr. Henley Grose Smith had already described the species from speci-
mens obtained by Mr. Henry O. Forbes. Dr. Martin captured his first
specimens himself in 1889 in Deli, south of Kampong Roemah Kenang-
kong. It occurs also in the forests at high elevations south of Bekant-
schan, in the Battak mountains, and on the Central Plateau, but is by
no means common, as is the Javan species, so Mr. Fruhstorfer informs
us, in suitable localities.
69. CŒLITES EPIMINTHIA, Westwood.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Distant. Kirby. Rare, and occurs in dense
forests only as high as Namoe Oekor.
70. Catites HUMILIS, Butler.
Grose Smith as euptychoides [sic]. Hagen as euptychoides [sic].
Very rare, Dr. Martin has obtained two or three specimens only. It
may be known from the C. euptychioides of Felder, which is apparently
confined to Borneo, by the female being devoid of all ultramarine-blue
coloration on the upperside of the hindwing. The pupils of the ocelli
on the underside of all the species of the genus are of a lovely iridescent
blue colour which is only visible in some lights. This is also the case
in the allied genus Ptychandra, Felder, from the Philipines,
71. *Ca.ires NOTHIS, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Hagen. This rare species was described from “East India.’
M. Charles Oberthür possesses two males and a female, and there is a
384 L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
female in the British Museum ; these are all the known speeimens. Its
preeise habitat is unknown.
In Sumatra the species of Celites are inhabitants of dense virgin
forests, are very shy, but settle often, and can only be captured by ap-
proaehing them most gently and earefully. They always rest with
folded wings, and are not easily seen on the dark ground covered with
leaves of all shades in the dim recesses of the forest. Their shyness and
the difficulty of diseovering and capturing them may be the real reason
why they are so seldom met with in colleetions. Dr. Martin is of opinion
that Neorina lowii, Doubleday and Hewitson, is a gigantice Melanitis, so
he would call the speeies of Cozlites the Melanitis of the forest. Being
true forest inseets they exhibit a beautiful glossy blue eolour (confer
Mycalesis orseis, Hewitson, ante No. 50).
72. Lerue (Nemetis) MINERVA, Fabrieius.
Hewitson as arcadia. Grose Smith as arcadia. Snellen as arcadia.
Kirby. Apparently very rare in North-Easteru Sumatra, Dr. Martin
having obtained one speeimen only from the mountains. It is far less
rare in Java.
73. Letae (Debis) mexara, Moore.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Hagen. Semper. Snellen. Common
everywhere in the plains, in the mountains, and even on the Central
Plateau; the specimens from the mountains have the yellowish-red
colour on the upperside of the hindwing more extensive than those from
the plains. The inseet is always met with near bamboos, on whieh the
larva feeds, and is even very eommon in Bindjei.
74. Letne (Debis) cuanpica, Moore.
Hagen. Very rare, in the higher mountains and on the Central
Plateau. Dr. Martin has not obtained more than ten or twelve speei-
mens during his long sojourn in the island.
75. Lerne (Debis) DARENA, Felder.
L. darena, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 40, n. 3, pl. K,
fig. 7, male (1893).
Very rare in the Battak mountains, and not found below 3,000 feet
elevation. Dr. Martin wishes to add :—“ I cannot lose this opportunity
to present my complimeuts to my friend Mr. Lionel de Nieéville for his
extraordinary entomologieal knowledge and keen insight in having seen
only the drawing of the very different female of Lethe darena in Dr.
Felder’s Reise Novara, Lepidoptera, and from that being able to deter-
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin —Butterflies of Sumatra. 385
mine the first male obtained by me, which I took to him on paying
my first visit to Darjiling, after I had had the animal returned to me
as undeterminable from Berlin. Afterwards I sent collectors especially
to the monntains to obtain females, when de Nicéville’s identification
was splendidly confirmed. As far as I am aware, no specimens from
Java, from whence this species was first obtained, have been recorded
since the female was described by Dr. Felder. L. darena is doubtless
one of the rarest, as well as one of the most beautiful, if not the most
beautiful, species in this large genus.”
76. LETRE EUROPA, Fabricius.
Snellen. Hagen as europa and arete. Distant. Occurs in nearly
the same localities as L. mekara, Moore, and has the same habits but is
considerably rarer, especially the female. Dr. Hagen records both
L. europa and L. arete, Cramer, from Sumatra. The latter, according to
Mr. F. Moore, is found in the Sula islands and Amboina only, while
L. arcuata, another allied species described by Butler, is confined to
Celebes.
77. LETHE rower, Fabricius.
Snellen. Hagen. A common species, but confined to the Central
Plateau of the Battak mountains.
78. *Yprarma CEYLONICA, Hewitson.
Elwes. Unknown to us from Sumatra. It occurs on the eastern
coast of India (Orissa and Ganjam), in South India, and in Ceylon.
79. YPTHIMA BALDUS, Fabricius.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Hagen as methora, Fabricius [sic]. Elwes.
Probably the commonest species of Ypthima in the plains and found
everywhere. The larva feeds on the same ubiquitous Graminee as
Mycalesis mineus, Linneus. Dr. Hagen evidently followed Mr. W. L.
Distant in Rhop. Malay., who described and figured this species erro-
neously under the name of Y, methora, Hewitson. No species of Ypthima
presents dry-season forms in Sumatra, all are strongly ocellated.
80. YpTHIMA IARBA, de Nicéville.
Y. iarba, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 18, n. 4, pl. R,
figs. 7, male; 8, female (1895).
Very rare, in all Dr. Martin has not obtained more than a dozen
specimens. It is of large size, 1-6 to 1°8 inches in expanse, and has five
ocelli only on the hindwing, a pair at the anal angle, a pair in the
median interspaces, and a single one in the upper subcostal interspace.
386 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,
81. YPTHIMA PHILOMELA, Johanssen.
Snellen as hübneri. Hagen as hiibneri. Distant as hiibnert. Com-
mon everywhere in the plains like Y, baldus, Fabricius. I follow
Mr. Moore in my identification of this species (Lep. Indica, vol. ii, p. 74,
pl. cx, fig. 4, male (1893), which he records from Sumatra. Itis of small
size, has six ocelli in pairs on the underside of the hindwing, and has an
inconspicuous patch of androconia on the upperside of the forewing. The
Y. huebneri of Kirby, under which name the present species has apparently
been recorded by three writers from Sumatra, is quite a distinct species,
with no “ male-mark,” aud with four ocelli only placed one and three, and
does not appear to occur in the island. The Y. tabella of Marshall, from
South India and Burma, of which the type specimen is in my collection,
appears to me to be the same as Y. philomela of Johanssen. Mr. Elwes
in his monograph of the genus Ypthima places the ‘ Papilio” philomela,
Johanssen, asa synonym of Y. baldus, Fabricius, but with a query.
He gives Y. tubellu as a certain synonym of Y. baldus. Nowhere does
Mr. Elwes refer to the Y. philomela of Linneus. All Mr. Moore says
about it is that itis quite distinct from Y. hiibneri, Kirby, and has
six ocelli on the hindwing disposed in three pairs (Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 81).
I am, therefore, quite inthe dark as to how Y. philomela, Johanssen,
and Y. philomela, Linneus, are supposed to differ. Mr. Moore gives
the Y. philomela of Hiibner as a synonym of Y. huebneri, Kirby.
82. Ypruima panpoces, Moore.
Snellen. Hagen. Distant as corticaria. Occurs in Sumatra only
on the Central Plateau of the Battak mountains at an elevation of not less
than 3,000 feet. Mr. Moore retains Y. corticaria, Butler, asa distinct
species; I quite agree with Mr. Elwes in placing it as a synonym of
Y. pandocus. Mr. Distant treats Y. corticarta as a “ var.” of Y. pandocus.
83. YPTHIMA FASCIATA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Distant. Kirby. Elwes. Decidedly
rare, occurs only in the forests of the lower hills rarely at Namoe Oekor,
but never at a lower elevation. Like the species of Mycalesis all the
species of Ypthima are not as fond of the sun as most other butterflies,
and fly on rainy days. They are partial to flowers, and will even go to
high shrubs when in blossom, which Mycalesis will never do.
S4. Raaapta crista, Hübner.
Hewitson. Snellen. Hagen. Distant. A common species in the
plains and is found not onlyin the large ana high forests, but also in
young and not very high jungle with the ground covered with grass which
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr, L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 387
it prefers. Often met with in pepper gardens; plentiful at Batoe
Gadjah near the Begoemit river. It hasa very weak flight, often settles,
and is easily captured. It is very variable in both the shade of the
ground-colour of the upperside and the extent of the white on the
underside, some specimens having the white bands fully twice as broad
as others.
85. *RAGADIA MAKUTA, Horsfield.
Mr. Moore records R. crisia, Hübner, from the Malay Peninsula
and Borneo, and R. makuta, Horsfield, from Sumatra and Java. I have
an extensive eeries of Ragadias from all these localities, and while these
specimens shew great variation in the colour of the ground and the
respective width of the bands, it appears to me obvious that they all
represent one species. Until the publication of vol. ii of Mr. Moore’s
“Lepidoptera Indica,” p. 113 (1893), R. makuta was always given as a
synonym of R. crisia, and Mr. Moore in that work does not give his
reasons for separating them.
86. ERrITES ELEGANS, Butler.
Hagen. The rarest of the three Sumatran species of the genus.
87. ERITES ARGENTINA, Butler.
Grose Smith as madura [sic]. Hagen. Somewhat rare.
88. ERITES ANGULARIS, Moore.
Hewitson as madura [sic], var. The commonest species of
the genus occurring in Sumatra. W. medura, Horsfield, is confined, as
far as our present knowledge extends, to Java and Palawan in the
Philippines. All the species of Hrites are true forest butterflies, and
they are not only fuund in the large virgin forests, but also in younger
jungle with plenty of grass under foot. At an elevation of 1,200 feet
they disappear. On the wing they remind one of Magadia, as they also
have a very weak flight, and often settle with closed wings. Itisa
very interesting fact that in such a relatively small area as are the
districts of Deli, Langkat, and Serdang, three quite distinct species of
this rather small genus should be found. (Confer de Nicéville, Journ.
A. S. B., vol. lxii, pt. 2, p. 1 (18938). i
89. MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer.
Hewitson as Cyllo leda. Suellen as Cyllo leda. Hagen as ledu and
ismene. Distant as leda and ismene. The dry-season form (ismene) and
wet-season form (determinatu, Butler), occur together at the same time
J. n., 49
888 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
and at all seasons of the year, but are most plentiful in the rainy-season
from October to January in rice-fields, on which the larva feeds, as well
as on certain coarse species of grass. It is delightful to a lepidopterist
who loves insects alive in their native haunts as well as dead, dried, and
pinned in his cabinets to see two males fighting together and flying up
very high into the air, then returning with periodical regular move-
ments to the spots from whence they started. As this happens mostly
after sunset, the silhouettes of the insects are very sharp and clear
against the golden evening sky of the tropics. In consequence of the
well-known habit of Melanitis to be on the wing before sunrise and after
sunset, it sometimes comes into the lighted open verandahs of the
houses—quite a stranger amongst a crowd of moths and insects of all
ordcrs.
90. MELANITIS BELA, Moore.
Hagen as suyudana. Scmper as suyuduna. Decidedly rare, and
has nearly the same habits as M. ismene, Cramer, but prefers small
jungle rather than the borders of fields, gardens, &c. Like Neorina
lowi?, Doubleday and Hewitson, it is exceedingly fond of the sap from
certain trees. Dr. Hagen has quite correctly observed that in the early
morning hours M. bela is still earlier on the wing than M. ismene, and
that it has already retircd to rest as that species and some Mycalesis
appear. M. bela occurs under two forms :—the one which corresponds
to the wet-season form of the species in India (aswa, Moore), has the
upperside of the wings in the male velvety-black, with the apex of the
forewing but very shghtly angulated ; the other, which corresponds to
the dry-scason form of the species in India (true bela), has the upper-
side of the wings in the male mach paler, of a rusty-brown hue, often
with subapical spots in the forewing on the upperside, with the apex of
the wing strongly angulated. The first of these forms equals M. abdullz,
Distant, the second M. suywdana, Moore. Mr. Moore in Lep. Ind., vol.
ji, p. 137, continues to keep the two last-named species distinct, and
records it from Sumatra under the name of M. suwyudana, but as I
possess good series of both from the localities whence they were des-
cribed, I have no hesitation in sinking them both as synonyms of
M. bela.
91. Mevanit's ZITENIUS, Herbst.
Distant. The rarest species of the genus occurring in Sumatra,
and found only at the higher elevations from 500 to 2,000 feet. In
thirteen years Dr. Martin has obtained a dozen specimens perhaps.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 389
Subfamily ELYMNIINÆ.
92, ELYMNIAS NIGRESCENS, Butler.
Hagen. I have found great difficulty in identifying satisfactorily
the common species of Hlymazas of the wndularis group occurring in
Sumatra. Mr. Distant seems to have had similar difficulty with the
Malay Peninsula species, vide Rhop. Malay., p. 61. E. nigrescens was des-
cribed by Butler from Sarawak, Borneo, both sexes are described and
one is figured, but it is not stated whether that figure was taken from a
male or a female, but probably the latter. I have nothing very like it
from Sumatra or Borneo. Distant figures two female specimens from
the Malay Peninsula, which were presumably compared with the types,
besides which Mr. Butler himself records E. nigrescens from the Malay
Peninsula. Our specimens agree very fairly with Distant’s two figures,
so I have adopted the name hc uses for it. The males have sometimes no
blue coloration on the upperside of the forewing whatever, sometimes
there is a more or less complete series of marginal spots, which are most
prominent at the apex of the wing. The hindwing is usually immaculate,
but sometimes there is a marginal series of whitish spots. The female
is very similar to the male, but the ground-colouy ur: the upperside is
paler and more reddish, and the blue spots are usually more prominent.
Sumatran specimens of both sexes are frequently smaller and duller-
coloured than specimens from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. No
orange form of female (FE. undularis, Drury, from India; F. tinctoria,
Moore, from Burma; FE. fraterna, Butler, from Ceylon; E. discrepans, Dis-
tant, from the Malay Peninsula; and E. protogenia, Cramer, from Java)
is ever found in Sumatra. This species is by far the commonest of the
subfamily occurring in the island, and is found in the plains all the year
round in ever succeeding generations. The larva feeds on the rattan
cane, and doubtless on various species of palms also.
93. *EnymMniAs LEUCOCYMA, Godart.
Hagen as leucocyma, Godardt [sic]. This species was described from
males from Java, and is evidently very closely allied to E. undularis,
Drury, from India. May not E. leucocyma be a synonym of E. protoge-
nia, Cramer? It is doubtful if two distinct species of this group are
found in Java. Dr. Hagen records two species of Elymnias of this group
from Sumatra, but I have only seen one, which, however, is decidedly
variable, but cannot in my opinion be split up into separate species.
94. ELYMNIAS LUTESCENS, Butler.
Grose Smith as panthera. Hagen. Butler. Distant. Kirby,
390 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Staudinger as panthera, Fabricius, var. lutescens, Butler. Wallace. Very
rare in the forests of the plains and as high as Namoe Oekor. This
insect is perhaps not really as rare as it appears to be; as it greatly
resembles on the wing a brown Huplea, it probably often from this cause
escapes the notice of the collector.
95. ELYMNIAS para, Distant.
E. dara, Distant, Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xix, p. 50,
n. 86 (1887).
This species was described from Northern Borneo. An allied spe-
cies is the Æ. albofasciata, Staudinger, fiom Palawan in the Philippine
Isles, described in Iris, vol. ii, p. 39 (1859). We have not had the
opportunity of comparing F. dara and E. albofasciata from typical
localities, but a female of the latter from Palawan kindly sent to me by
Dr, Staudinger agrees exactly with Sumatran specimens of the same sex.
The Burmese species, W. dædalion, de Nicéville, is certainly distinct
from the Sumatran and Philippine form which we here identify as
E. dara, but whether it is separable from F. dara from Borneo we cannot
say. It is very rare in Sumatra, and has been brought in from the
Gayoe and Battak mountains from high elevations only.
96. Tysntas (Melynias) varsipis, de Nicéville, n. sp.
Grose Smith as lais. Hagen as lais, Horsfield and Moore [sic].
Wallace as lais. Distant as lais.
Hasrat: N.-H. Sumatra.
Expanse: &, 29 to 3°3; 9, 3°5 to 3°7 inches.
Description: Mate. Very similar to Æ. lais, Cramer, from Nias,
Java, and Borneo. Fesare. In general appearance very similar to the
same sex of FE. malelus, Hewitson, from Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, and
Burma, the wings being greatly elongated, and the forewing on the
UPPERSIDE having the apical half strongly washed with purple.
I possess a single female only of F. lais from Java, from which
the female of E. laisidis differs in its more elongated forewing
glossed with purple on the upperside. Dr. A. R. Wallace has des-
cribed but not named the Sumatran form of F. lars in Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1869, p. 325, n. 11. ŒE. laisidis occurs nearly always near human
habitations, and Dr. Martin feels sure that the larva feeds on bamboos,
as the females are always seen flying along the bamboo hedges surround-
ing the gardens of Malay houses. It occurs most commonly in Decem-
ber and January, and in some years (1892 and 1893) was unusually
abundant, being seen almost in swarms. In India the allied F. timandra,
Wallace, bas been noted in the Khasi Hills of Assam occurring in
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 391
thousands in some years in a similar manner. In other years F. laisidis
is very rare, and then found near the sea coast (at Laboean) commoner
than higher up. The female, on the vivid blue coloration of the upper-
side of the forewing of which the species is mainly based, is undoubtedly
a very splendid mimic of Huploea linnæi, Moore.
97. Enymuutas (Melynias) ceryxoipsEs, de Nicéville.
E. (Melynias) ceryxoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Romb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 22,
n. 7, pl. S, fig. 13, male (1895).
Grose Smith as ceryx. Hagen as ceryx. Occurs only on the
Central Plateau at not less than 3,000 feet elevation, and similarly to
E. laisidis is found in June and July, but chiefly in December and
January. Dr. Martin’s brother, Dr. F. Martin, took it on the southern
extremity of the Toba Lake near Batoe Gadjah, which is higher than
the platean.
98. Exyunras (Melynias) urinyzs, de Nicéville.
E. (Melynias) erinyes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 19,
n. 5, pl. R, figs. 9, male; 10, female (1895).
A very rare species found only in the high forest at Selesseh and
up to the lower slopes of the hills at Bekantschan, and in the Battak
mountains in September. Dr. Martin has obtained three specimens
only. It is nearly allied to E. casiphone, Hübner, more closely to
E. kamara, Moore.
99. Exyuntas (Melynias) pournu, de Nicéville.
E. (Melynias) dohrnii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Boc., vol. x, p. 21,
n. 6, pl. S, fig. 12, male (1895).
This species was described from a single male obtained in September,
1894, at Bohorok near the Battak frontier by Herr M. Ude, the European
collector of Dr. H. Dohrn of Stettin. As Bohorok is on the way to the
Gayoe and Allas countries, it is possible that this Hlymnias may occur
there more plentifully, as these regions are quite unknown. It is allied
to E. patna, Westwood.
100. Enymntas (Bruasa) SUMATRANA, Wallace.
Wallace. Kirby. Grose Smith as swmatrana and penanga. Hagen
as penanga, Westwood, var. sumatrana. Originally described from
Sumatra. A very rare species, It occurs in March in the forests near the
sea together with Huplea eunus, de Nicéville. The female may be con-
sidered to be one of the rarest butterflies of our region; in all the time
Dr. Martin was in Sumatra he only obtained three specimens, one of
392 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
which he caught himself in a forest near the Saentis Estate, not more
than two miles from the sea.
101. Exysnias (Bruasa) ABRISA, Distant.
Very rare in the high forest near Selesseh in July and at Namoe
Oekor. Both sexes are described by Mr. Distant, and the male is
figured. We have seen only seven female specimens. But for the fact
that Mr. Distant describes the male, we wouid certainly have considered
this species to be a dimorphic form of the female of H. sumatrana,
Wallace.
102. Enynunias (Agrusia) esacorvEs, de Nicéville.
Dyctis esacoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 323, n. 2,
pl. H, fig. 2, male (1892).
Exceedingly rare, three specimens only have been obtained, one in
the forest near Selesseh in July, two from the lower hills. All the
rarer species of Hlymnias havea soft weak flight and settle often with
folded wings. They are very fond of shadowy spots and of rest, and
once settled they remain for a long time, leaving their resting places
only when frightened or driven away. As they all rest with shut wings
they are in this position much less couspicuous than when on the wing.
Subfamily AMATHUSIINE.
103. ZEUXIDIA AMETHYSTUS, Butler.
Hagen. Kirby. Butler. Distant. Staudinger. Rare; found only
in dense virgin forests like all the rest of the genus not at a lower eleva-
tion than Bekantschan in September. It occurs higher in the hills than
any other Zeuzidia. The female has the macular band on the upperside,
of the forewing ochreous-white.
104. ZEUXIDIA NICEVILLE!, Fruhstorfer.
Z. nicévillet, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 196 (1895).
Fruhstorfer. Described as being a local form of Z. doubledait,
Westwood. The latter was described from a female specimen from
“India,” and is somewhat roughly figured in the Genera of Diurn. Lep.
on pl. lii, fig. 1. Distant figures both sexes and records it from Penang
and Perak. Moore records it from Penang. I have compared both
sexes from Perak with both sexes from Sumatra, and Sumatra females
with Hewitson’s original figure, and can discover no differences what-
ever. Herr Fruhstorfer has recently been to London and has probably
compared his types of Z. nicévillei with the type of Z. dowbledait, so
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 393
on his authority I maintain the species as distinct. In Sumatra Z. nicé-
ville’ is rather more common than Z. amethystus, Butler, and it occurs at
Bekantschan and Selesseh in June and August, and even at Batang
Serangan, still nearer the sea; also in Asahan. The female has the
macular band on the upperside of the forewing violet-white.
105. * ZEUXIDIA LUXxERII, Hübner.
Grose Smith as Amathusia [sic] luxerii. Only known to us from
Java, where it is the commonest species in the genus.
106. Zeoxtp1a (Amaxidia) AURELIUS, Cramer.
Grose Smith as Amathusia [sic] aurelius. Staudinger. Kirby. Dis-
tant. This species was originally figured and described by Cramer from
a female obtained on the west coast of Sumatra. Occurs from Selesseh
to Bekantschan and even higher in May and September; is rarer than
the other species of the genus. The female often measures six and a
half inches across the wings, and is one of the largest-known Rhopalocera
in total wing area. The female has the band on the upperside of the
forewing white. All Zeuwidias are only met with in large high forest
near small streams, on whose borders there are usually some bamboos,
on the leaves of which most probably the larva feeds. They fly rapidly
but settle often,.but always in a dense mass of branches and stems of
bushes, so that they are very difficult to secure. The best way to
collect them is to place rotten plantain fruit (pisangs or bananas) along
the streams they haunt, to which they will come. The males of all
our Zeuwidias are true inhabitants of the forest, and exhibit rich blue
colours on the upperside. When settled with closed wings their very
great resemblance to dead leaves on the underside makes them very
difficult to distingnish amongst the true dead leaves which always and
at all seasons strew the forests in the tropics. In South-East Borneo
(Bandjermassin) all species of Zewxidia appear to be far commoner than
they are in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Burma. Out of 1,000
specimens of butterflies Dr. Martin received from thence, 200 were
three species of Zeuaxidia.
107. AMATHUXIDIA DILUCIDA, Honrath.
Occurs only in high forest in July, and is found up to the elevation
of Bekantschan. Very rare, Dr. Martin obtained five specimens only
in thirteen years; one pair from Aer Kesoengeiin Asahan. It has the
same habits as Zeuxidia, and is difficult to secure.
108. AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS, Johanssen.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Semper. Distant. Hagen. It sometimes
394 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
does great damage to the beautiful gieen leaves of the young cocoa-nut
palins, Cocos nucifera, Linnæus, on which the larva feeds, and which after
some while present the appearance of ugly dried-up brushes. The larva
also ate the leaves of other palms in Dr. Martin’s gardeu at Bindjei, for
instance the African oil palm and the common Palmyra or fan-leaf
palm. The caterpillars live socially when young, but separate after
changing their last skin. They are green with reddish-brown hairs.
The larva of a large Skipper, Hidari irava, Moore, feeds at the same
time on the leaves of Cocos nucifera, and the two spccics often have a
severe struggle to live together, in which the more robust hesperid,
which secures a shelter for itself by spinning the leaves together, is
generally victorious. The pupa is uniform light green, and hangs per-
pendicularly on horizontal leaves. The butterfly appears most
commonly in December and January, after which time only single
specimens are scen. In the daytime it is only found in places where
there is deep shade, it never ventures ont into the open sunlight, but is
most active after sunset, and like Melanitis comes sometimes to the
lamps. In its prediliction for shade it often enters houses and sheds.
It is a very variable species.
109. AMATHUSIA SCHOENBERGI, Honrath.
A. schénbergi, Wonrath, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxxi, p. 347, pl. vi, fig. 1,
male (1887).
This species was originally described from Tanyong Malim, Perak,
Malay Peninsula. It appears to be a distinct species, while A. ochraceo-
fusca, Honrath, and A. phidippus, var. perakana, Honrath, both from
Perak, secm only to be varietal forms of A. phidippus, Johanssen. It is
the Amathusia of the forest, as it occurs only in high forest from Selesseh
to Bckantschan. As in the forests there are no cocoa-nut trees, that
palm being nearly domesticated, A. phidippus does not occur there, but
is replaced by the far finer and deeper-coloured A. schoenbergr. Dr.
Martin’s Javan collector Saki observed a female of this species deposit-
ing eggs on Areca nibong, which palm only grows in the forest, and there
is not any doubt that the larva of A. schoenbergi feeds on this plant,
ronnd groups of which Dr. Martin always noticed the imagines flying.
It is, however, a very rare species.
110. THAUMANTIS ODANA, Godart.
Grose Smith. Hagen as klugius. Staudinger. Distant. The com-
moncst species of the genus in Sumatra, next to T. lucipor, Westwood ;
it is found from Bekantschan to Soengei Batoc, and is thercfore the
most alpine specics of the genus.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 295
111. Taavmantis (Kringana) NOUREDDIN, Westwood.
Occurs at the lowest elevations and nearest the sea of all the
species in the genus, as nearly all specimens obtained by Dr. Martin
came from Kampong Stabat, and were caught in forests on both sides
of the Wampoe River. He also obtained one pair as far south as
Asahan.
112. THAUMANTIS (Kringana) LUCIPOR, Westwood.
The commonest of the three Sumatran species of the genus. It
appears as low down as Bindjei, and is found as high as Namoe Oekor.
Dr. Martin caught his first specimen of this species, a female, in June,
1888, at 7-30 p. m., flying along the white walls of his hospital so
that he could just distinguish it to be a butterfly. In this species the blue
reflections of the male on the upperside of both wings are so richly bril-
liant and powerful that in opening the wings of a closed specimen the
pinchers used are strongly coloured with blue like the wings. All Thau-
mantides are inhabitants of the high virgin forest. They all like shade,
and are on the wing very late after sunset. All are fond of the ripe
fallen fruit of the Sumatran sugar-palm (Arenga saccharifera) on which
they regale themselves in the shadow of the tree. They rest with
closed wings, and only display their rich blue coloration when on the
wing.
113. *TENARIS BIRCHI, Distant.
Originally described from Singapore. Recently taken by Dr.
Hagen in Mandaheling, a Malay state in Western Sumatra.
114. DiscopHora NECHO, Felder.
Hagen as necho, Felder, var. cheops, Felder. Staudinger as cheops.
Semper as cheops. I described this species as D. dis (Journ. Bomb. Nat.
Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 325, n. 3, pl. H, fig. 3, male (1892). D. necho is
a common species, and is found also in Java and Borneo. Semper
records D. celinde, Cramer [should be Stoll] as well as D. necho
from Sumatra. As D. celinde was described from Java where
D. necho also occurs undoubtedly, it may be that both D. celinde
and D. necho occur also in Sumatra. Amathusia phidippus, Joh-
anssen, is the commonest, and D. necho the next commonest species
of the subfamily in Sumatra. The males are very fond of fre-
quenting fæces on roads, from which they fly into the jungle
when disturbed, but return again as soon as danger is past. The females
are much rarer, and only fly in the evening after sunset and then only
very high up in the air, so that they can hardly.be distinguished from
J. u. 50
396 UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Melanitis, Amathusia and Thawmantzis flying at the same time. Only when
they come down to rest, or to deposit their eggs are they eaught. The
larva feeds on different Graminex, Dr. Martin has found them even on
the famous Lalang grass (Imperata arundinacea), and on the sugar-
cane (Saccharum officinale). The larve always keep in pairs, never
more than two together; they rest with the head downwards,
and eat the lower portions of the leaves on whieh they rest.
The pupa is quite green, and is very similar to that of A. phidippus.
D. necho is not found at a higher elevation than Bekantsehan. It is pro-
bable that D. necho, Felder, D. cheops, Felder, and D. dis, de Nieéville,
from Java, Borneo and Sumatra respectively, all represent a single
species, of which the first-named is the oldest.
115. DISCOPHORA sonpaica, Boisduval.
Hagen. Distant. Dr. Hagen records D. tullia, Cramer, as well as
this species from Sumatra, but aecording to Mr. Moore, D. tullia is con-
fined to China, especially to Hongkong. In all Dr. Hagen records four
species of Discophora from Sumatra; we know two only. It is found at
lower elevations than D. necho, Felder, not much higher than Bindjei,
where it is not uncommon near bamboo hedges. The females as usnal
in the genus are much rarer than the males. Dr. Martin obtained his
first female from a pupa which he found near the manager’s house of the
Bekalla Estate under the roof of a small attap shed on the riverside
near a thicket of bamboos. The female is mueh more beautiful than
the same sex of D. necho, which has only a broad oblique yellow band
across the forewing on the upperside.
116. Entspe evtHymivs, Doubieday.
Hagen as eutymius [sic]. Sumatran specimens resemble the dark
form of this species found in Assam and Burma which has been named
E. tessellata by Mr. Moore, but which is certainly not a distinet species,
as it is found in some localities with, and grades impereeptibly into,
the typical form. Its occurrenee in Sumatra while apparently absent
from the Malay Peninsula is an interesting fact in geographieal dis-
tribution. It is everywhere rare, and in Sumatra is found only on the
Central Plateau, and is occasionally brought in by the Battak eollec-.
tors. Dr. Hagen states that he has always obtained this species together
with Limenitis bockii, Moore, which is a curious coincidence.
117. CLEROME ARCESILAUS, Fabricius.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Distant. The commonest species
of the genus in Sumatra as elsewhere.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 597
118. Crerome KIRATA, de Nicéville.
C. kirata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 344, n. 2, pl. F,
fig. 3, male (1891).
The rarest of the three Sumatran species of the genus, and found
in the same localities as CO. arcesilaus, Fabricius. I have no difficulty
in distinguishing the species, though Colonel Swinhoe fails to recognise
it, vide his remarks on C. arcesilaus in Trans. Eut. Soc. Lond., 1893,
p. 276, n. 77. The male was chiefly defined by a difference in the
prebensores, but the superior width of the dark bands on the underside
of both wings, and the anal half of the hindwing being very much
darker than the same area in Ọ. arcesilaus will enable one to distinguish
the species superficially without recourse to au anatomical investiga-
tion, The female has the ground-culour on the underside of both
wings much lighter than in O. arcesilans, and all the bands consequently
more prominent ; they are also much wider.
119. CLEROME GRAcrILIs, Butler.
Hagen as gracilis. OC. gracilis is met with somewhat higher than
Č. arcesilaus, Fabricius, and is also rarer than that species. All the
species of Clerome are true insects of the virgin forest, never leave the
ground for a high flight, and prefer to settle on the bare soil or on a
dead and discoloured leaf than on living green leaves or shrubs. They
rest with folded wings, and fly only for short distances, and then
again settle. No species occurs at a higher elevation than Bekantschan,
nor nearer the sea than Bindjei.
120, XANTHOTENIA BUSIRIS, Westwood.
Hagen. Grose Smith as Clerome [sic] busirts. Butler. Distant.
Found from Bindjei to Bekantschan. Like Clerome it is a true
inhabitant of the forest, but has a higher and longer flight than
species of that genus and is not so easily caught, as it is always chang-
ing the direction of its flight. Itis fond of newly cut ditches through
the forest, along which it may always be found.
Subfamily ACRÆINÆA.
121. Paresa vestita, de Nicéville, n. sp.
Acrza vesta, Snellen (nec Fabricius), Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 18, n. 1
pl. ii, figs. 3—5, female (1892).
Snellen as terpsichore, Linneus [sic], and vesta. Hagen as vesta.
Hasar: N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: g, 2°0 to 2°5; 9, 2°4 to 2°5 inches.
Desceiprtion: Mare and FEMALE. UPrersipz, both wings differ
398 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No.3,
from A. vesta, Fabricius, from the Himalayas, Assam, Upper Burma
and Java in having the ground-colour more ochreous (less tawny), and
allthe veins more heavily defined with black. Forewing has a broad
costal black margin reaching the subcostal nervure; the outer margin
has the black border nearly twice as broad, with the marginal series
of spots of the ground-colour obsolete or entirely absent. MHindwing has
the black margin much broader, with the yellow marginal spots very
much smaller. UNDERSIDE, both wings differ only in having all the veins
more strongly defined with black.
Occurs only on the Central Plateau, where it appears to swarm to
the same extent as the allied species does in Sikhim and elsewhere.
Dr. Martin has had the larva and pupa brought to him by his collec-
tors. It flies all the year round, and there is often an over population,
after which it becomes somewhat scarce for a while till it recovers itself
aud again becomes common.
Subfamily NYMPHALINE.
122. ERGOLIS ARIADNE, Linneeus.
Snellen. Wallace. Hagen. Distant. This species may be known
from the one that follows by its richer brighter tawny coloration, by
the outer margin of both wings being much more irregular, and in the
male by the “ wale-mark”’ present on the underside of the forewing,
which, in this species, is a solid shining deep black patch reaching
from near the inner margin to the third median nervule. Its larva feeds
ou the stinging creeper, Tragia involucrata. The butterfly is only found
in the forest from Bindjei to Bekantschan, and always near its food
plant. It has a low flight, only males when fighting fly high in
the air.
123, Ercouis 1s£us, Wallace.
E. iseus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 333, n. 4.
Wallace. Kirby. Hagen as taprobana. Distant. Nearly allied to
but quite distinct from E. merione, Cramer. The outer margin of both
wings is much more even and regular than in the preceding species,
and the coloration is duller and darker. The “ male-mark ” is in a simi-
lar position, but is very inconspicuous and consists of a broad line of
modified black scales extending along either side of the veins on the disc
of the forewing on the underside, but not reaching the outer margin nor
the costa. FE. merione has a quite different “ male-mark,” which is similar
to that in E. ariadne, Linneus. I have specimens of F. isæus from
Myitta in Burma and from Singapore ; Wallace records it from Singapore
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 399
also and Sumatra. The larva feeds on Ricinus communis, Linn., the
castor-oil plant. Occurs everywhere in the plains and all the year
round, mostly near the houses of Indian (Tamil) coolies, who are very
fond of cultivating the castor-oil plant. Its flight is perhaps lower
aud weaker than that of F. ariadne, Linneus. Dr. Hagen records
E. taprobana, Westwood, from Sumatra, a species confined to South
India and Ceylon as far as our experience goes. It isa very noticeable
fact that everywhere two quite distinct species of Ergolis occur together.
124, EURYTELA HORSFIELDI, Boisduval.
Hagen. Grose Smith.
125. HuRYTELA CASTELNAUI, Felder.
Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith. Both the Sumatran species of this
genus occur only in forests, and are somewhat rare insects, the female
being the rarer sex of the two. E. horsfieldii, Boisduval, occurs more
in the plains, from Bindjei to Namoe Oekor; E. castelnaui at higher
elevations, from Namoe Oekor to Soengei Batoe. The females are
splendid mimics of the two preceding species of Hrgolis, E. castelnaut
mimicking F. isæus, Wallace, and Æ. horsfieldii mimicking F. ariadne,
Linnæus. Even in the way of flying they closely resemble the flight
of species of Ergolis. Dr. Martin obtained his first female of F. castel-
naui while catching F. isæus ou the same spot in a forest south of
Namoe Oekor. The males always settle with folded wings for greater
protection, and have some predilection for the sandy banks of small
streams running through the forest.
126. EURIPUS HALITHERSES, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Hagen as halitherses and euplæoides. Staudinger. The male differs
from typical FE. halitherses in having the marginal dots on both sides
of the forewing restricted more to the anal angle. The female is tri-
morphic, in one form the ground-colour is brown as in typical F. euplæ-
oides, Felder; in the second form it is indigo-blue; in the third form
it is blue without white patches on both wings and mimics Fuplæa
linnæi, Moore. The first two forms seem to be mimics of Huplea
diocletianus, Fabricius. As usual, the amount of white coloration on
the wings in the female is very variable, and on that character no
species should be based. One of these inconstant forms has recently
been described by Mr. Distant as F. borneénsis, and seems to be inter-
mediate between E. euplæoides and F. pfeiferæ, both of Felder, from the
Malay Peninsula. This species was, before the forests of Deli and
Langkat fell victims to the triumphal march of the tobacco cultivation,
400 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
a fairly common insect, of which the males often escaped capture by
being mistaken for a still commoner species of Athyma. Even now on
the frontiers of tobacco-land, as at Selesseh, W. halitherses is not rare,
only the females are scarce. The males have a strong short flight
like species of Athyma, whereas the females on the wing mimic different
species of Fuplæa, having a slow and sailing motion. Dr. Martin pos-
sesses a single male alinost without white markings on the upperside
of the forewing, which for a long time he thought represented a second
species, but as he never obtained a second specimen, it is probably an
aberration. Æ. halitherses extends from Bindjei to Bekantschan, and
is found only in forests,
127. CupHa ERYMANTHIS, Drury.
Snellen. Hagen. Occurs everywhere all the year round in ever
following generations, Wherever a small piecc of forest has been spared,
there this is one of the first Rhopalocera to be found. It is very fond of
flowers, but is shy, and has a restless flight.
128. ATELLA SINHA, Kollar.
Snellen as egista. Hagen as egista. Grose Smith. Wallace. Dis-
tant. I lave never seen A. egista, Cramer, which was described from
Amboina, and recorded from Amboina, Bouru, Batchian, Morty, and
New Guinea by Dr. A. R. Wallace. A. sinha is the rarest of the Atellas
occurring in Sumatra, is found both in the plains and hills, has a very
quick flight, aud is not easily captured except when settled on a flower or
on a moist spot on a forest road where it can be “ potted’ with the net.
129. ATELLA PHALANTHA, Drury.
Snellen. Hagen as phalanta [sic], Horsfield and Moore [sic]. Dis-
tant as phalanta [sic]. Occurs only at low elevations, often very ncar
to the sca, frequents flowers, and is not easily caught from its shy
restless habits and quick flight. It is very common throughout the year.
130. ATELLA ALCIPPE, Cramer.
Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith as aruana [sic]. The A. arruana
of Felder, from the Aru Isles (Felder), Mysol (Wallace), is a local race
of A. alcippe. Found in Sumatra at higher elevations than the two
foregoing species, cven as high or higher than Bekantschan. Never
seen in Deli, and never on black soil which is so favourable for
tobacco, but as soon as there is red soil, as in Langkat and Serdang,
one may be sure to meet A. alcippe on damp places in forest roads. It
is very common near Sclesseh.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 401
131. Crruosta aypsina, Felder.
Snellen as penthestlea and cyane. Grose Smith as hypsea. Hagen
as cyane. Wallace. The ©. penthesilea of Cramer appears to be a
distinct species, and occurs in Java. The O. hypsea of Doubleday and
Hewitson is the Bornean form. O. cyane, Drury, is the Indian form.
132. CHETHOSIA CAROLINA, Forbes.
C. caroline, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885).
A local race of O. methypsea, Butler, of the Malay Peninsula.
133. CETHOSIA LOGANI, Distant.
Hagen as logani and biblis. May perhaps be a local race of
C. biblis, Drury, but in the Malay Peninsula both occur together. It
may be noted that Dr. Hagen records both in one paper from Sumatra
so both may be found there also. C. hypsina and C. logani occur at es
elevations, the latter even close to the sea—Dr. Martin once found
many larve near the Saentis Estate only two miles distant from the
sea—whereas O. caroline appears at the elevation of Bindjei, and
from thence to the Central Plateau, those from high elevations being
very richly coloured. All species of Cethosta are forest butterflies,
frequenting both large and small jungle. The always sombre dark
green forest is often made of a gayer aspect by the presence of these
numerous, vivid, and gorgeously-coloured butterflies. Their flight re-
sembles that of the Danaine and is slow and sailing. The larve of
O. hypsina and C. logani live on Passiflora sp., and eat not only the
leaves but also the soft shoots of this creeper. The larva of C. logant
is yellow with black longitudinal stripes, of C. hypsina of a very
rich deep scarlet, broken only on the two median segments, which are
creamy-white. Both larve have composite spines, they live in
societies, and are always found in large numbers. On one occasion
when Dr. Martin was collecting the larve of O. hypsina on a Passion-
Flower with red fruit, he noticed the protective position assumed by
some of the caterpillars which in eating a twig had surrounded it
entirely, so that this bunch of larvae even at a short distance looked
like one of the fruits. In breeding a large number of O. hypsina, Dr.
Martin noticed that the males emerged from the pupæ one day earlier
than the females. None of the Sumatran species of QJethosia are dimor-
phic in the female, and none of them have dark females as have the
species from India, Ceylon, and Nias.
134, Terinog ATLITA, Fabricius.
Snellen. Grose Smith. Kirby. Hagen as teuthras, var. delianus,
402 WL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
so named, but not described, in Dr. O. Staudinger’s sale list No. xxxiii
(1889). Wallace as viola. Wallace described T. viola from Singapore
and Sumatra, but pointed out that the male he described from Sumatra
differed somewhat from his specimen from Singapore. The latter
equals T. teuthras, Hewitson, teste Distant, the former T. atlita.
135. TERINOS CLARISSA, Boisduval.
Snellen as larissa [sic], Boisduval.
136. Terinos TEOS, de Nicéville.
T. teos, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 41, n. 4, pl. K,
figs. 5, male; 6, female (1893).
Grose Smith as robertsia. Snellen as robertsit [sic]. Hagen as robert-
sia, var. ? sumatrana, so named, but not described, in Dr. O, Staudinger’s
sale list No. xxxiii (1889) as var. sumatrensis. Wallace as robertsia, local
form A. This species isa local race of T. robertsia, Butler, from the Malay
Peninsula. Without knowing the habits of the species of the genus
Terinos, onc would know from their rich violet-blue coloration that one
has to deal with true inhabitants of large forests, which never go to
small jungle as the foregoing Cethosie often do. T. clarissa, Boisduval,
is very rare, and no exact locality for it can be given except one
specimen from Bekantschan, as all the specimens procured were brought
in with numerous specimens of T. teos, de Nicéville, Dr. Martin not
noticing the difference between these two species till I pointed it out
to him. T. atlita, Fabricius, occurs morc in the plains, but not ata
lower elevation than Bindjei and Sclessch, but does not extend higher
than Namoe Oekor. T. teos, de Nicéville, commences to appear at the
same places and is found as high as Bekantschan and the lower hills.
The butterflies are very restless, and fly round certain trees, on which
they rest for a moment and then fly off again, so are not easy to
catch, besides which they usually settle high up and fly high too. In
November and December both the common species appear in large num-
bers, while in all the other months they are only procured singly, and are
very worn, so Dr. Martin thinks that they may be only single brooded.
At Namoe Oekor in October Dr. Martin and I caught only worn females,
males being entirely absent, and in December of the same year the
collectors brought in many males and a few fresh females from the same
spot. Otherwise females are always rarer than the males, especially
that sex of T. atlita. The female of T. clarissa is unknown to us from
Sumatra. No Sumatran species of the genus shew the beautiful whitish-
violet patch on the upperside of the hindwing found in T., teuthras,
Hewitson, and T. robertsia, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 403
137. Cynruia EroroipsEs, de Nicéville, n. sp.
C. deione, Distant (nec Erichson), Rhop. Malay., p. 184, n. l, pl. x, figs. 1,
male ; 2, female (1883).
Snellen as arsinoé. Hagen as arsinoé. Staudinger as arsinoé.
Kirby as arsinoé. Distant as detone.
Hasitat: Malay Peninsula, N.-B. Sumatra, Borneo.
Expanse: 8, 2°9t0 32; 9, 3°7 to 4:0 inches.
Description: Mare. Uppersipe, both wings differ from C. erota,
Fabricius, from the Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan, Assam, Burma,
and Java in their darker ground-colour. Forewing differs in the apex
being widely and the outer margin decreasingly infuscated. Otherwise
as in that species. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, hindwing differs only in having
the inner of the two submarginal fuscous lines straighter—less lunula-
ted—and continuous. Otherwise as in that species.
Cramer described O. arsinoé from Amboina and the west coast of
Sumatra, but apparently figured it (a male) from the former locality,
my specimens from Saparua in the Moluccas and from New Guinea
agreeing fairly well with Cramer’s figure. C. dejone, Erichson, was
described from Luçon in the Philippines, the female being figured.
In the male of this species the apex of the forewing on the upper-
side is not infuscated, and in the female the ocelli of the hindwing on
the upperside differ in being almost entirely ochreous, with a very small
instead of a large black centre. ©. cantori, Distant, described from a
unique specimen from Province Wellesley, is probably a “sport.”
The males of O. erotoides arc common everywhere in Sumatra, and are
found all the year round on forest roads, where they are fond of moist
spots, to which they will always return even after an attempt is made
to catch them. The females are as rare as the males are common, and
are only found in the forest, The males havea strong short flight,
somewhat like that of a Charazes, whereas the females fly more slowly
and sail more. The species is found only as high as Bekantschan.
138. CYNTHIA BATTAKA, Martin.
C. battaka, Martin, Nat. Tijd. voor Neder.-Indié, vol. liii, p. 338, n. 3 (1893).
This species may typically be known from C. erotoides, de Nicéville,
by its smaller size, darker ground-colour of the upperside, the apex of
the forewing especially being much more infuscated, the basal area
of both wings on the underside is of a deeper red, and the subapical spot
in the upper discoidal interspace of the forewing is always silvery-
white, while in W. erototdes it is either totally wanting, or, if present,
is small and fuscous; the tail to the hindwing is also shorter. From
Bekantschan to the higher hills and the Central Plateau C. batiaka alone
J. u. öl
404 L, de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
occurs, and it has the same habits as C. erotoides. As Dr. Martin never
obtained the latter species from places higher than Bekantschan, and
never true 0. battaka from places lower than Bekantschan, and as both
species occur quite at the same timc, there can be no question here of
seasonal dimorphism. Dr, Martin notes that he is quite sure C. battaka
is a good species restricted to the mountainous regions of our area.
He notes also that he has received some specimens of C. battaka from
Java, but without exact locality, and hopes to hear later at what
elevation they were obtained, as C. erotoides occurs also in that island.
Dr. Martin further notes that he obtained one female of C. battaka,
which differs greatly from the female of the former species, these
differences are pointed out in his original description of O., battaka
(hk Gjo
139. ApaTuRA NAMOUNA, Doubleday.
Hitherto this species has not been recorded south of Upper Burma,
its re-appearance in Sumatra is most interesting. Inour area it is a very
rare butterfly, and is found only on the higher hills at an elevation of
not less than 3,000 feet, and from the Central Plateau and the Gayoo
mountains. The specimens from Sumatra are decidedly smaller than
those from Northern India, but do not otherwise differ. No female
from Sumatra has been obtained.
140. *Aparora parvATA, Moore.
Groso Smith. This is almost certainly a wrong identification,
A. parvata being restricted to Sikhim and Bhutan. The specimen Mr.
Grose Smith obtaincd was probably a female of the next species.
141. Apatora (ohana) SUMATRENSIS, Staudinger.
A. (Rohana) parisatis, Westwood, var. sumatrensis, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii,
p. 80 (1889).
A. parisatis, Snellen (nec Westwood), Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 19, n. 1,
pl. ili, figs. 1, male; 2, male underside x 2 (1892).
Snellen as partsatis. Hagen as parisatis. Staudinger as parisatis,
and parisatis, var. sumatrensis. Semper as camiba. The male may be
kuown from the N.-E. Indian and Burmese species, A. parysatis, West-
wood, by having a small diffused apical ferruginous patch on the up-
persido of the forewing, which is absent from the continental spccies.
The females of the two species differ but slightly. Like Atella alcippe,
Cramer, this insect only appears on red soil (probably the food-plant
of the larva grows only on that soil), where the males from Selesseh
to tho higher hills arc not rare, whereas the females are always scarce,
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 405
or apparently so, as they are excellent mimics of species of Prgolis,
and are doubtless often passed over as such by the collectors. The
males like to go to small muddy or swampy spots on the roads, where
they are easily “ potted ”?” with a net. The females are never seen on
the roads, but fly like Mrgolis through the jungle. The male of this
butterfly does not exhibit any very gorgeous coloration, but nevertheless
it has a beauty of its own owing to the deep velvety-black colour of the
upperside, which is so exceedingly delicate and so like the bloom on a
peach that one never sees an absolutely perfect specimen in a collection.
It is especially common on roads cut through the red hills on the
banks of the Whampoe river, also in Serdang and Padang Bedagei.
142. Apatura (Rohana) artaxus, de Nicéville.
A. (Rohana) artaxes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 261,
n. 3, pl. N, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1895).
This species is restricted to the Central Plateau, from whence
Dr. Martin obtained his first female specimens in October and December,
1893. As the males are very similar to the same sex of the foregoing
species, they escape the nets of the Battak collectors, and Dr. Martin
only obtained two in thirteen years. Many more females than males
have been obtained. It would be interesting to know if the female is a
mimicker, aud if so, what species is mimicked.
143. EULACURA OSTERIA, Westwood.
Staudinger. Rare in Sumatra, and occurs only at Selesseh and
Namoe Oekorin July. The female is rather rarer than the male. Both
sexes settle on the underside of leaves with wide-spread wings, and
never fly long distances. It is a common butterfly in the Botanical
Gardens at Singapore.
144, Hestiva nama, Doubleday.
Hagen as nama, Boisduval [sic]. Staudinger. Occurs in Perak
in the Malay Peninsula.
145. HEsTINA CAROLINÆ, Snellen.
H. caroline, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxiii, p. 218 (1890); idem, id., L.c.,
vol. xxxvii, p. 67 (1890).
Snellen, Both species of Hestina occur in our area only in the
hills and on the Central Plateau, the lowest elevation at which they
are found (except one male of H. carolinze which Dr. Martin caught
near the iron bridge over the Bindjei river at Namoe Oekor) being
Bekantschan. H, caroline flies in May. H. nama doubtless mimics Danais
406 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
tytioides, de Nicéville, while H. carolinæ mimics Danais banksii, Moore.
So long as these Hestinas think themselves safe and unobserved their
flight closely resembles that of the Danainse, but as soon as they
scent danger they assume their proper rapid mode of flight, which
is hike that of the males of species of Hypolimnas. So far females of
H. caroline have only been obtained, that sex of H. nama not having
been captured in our area. The two species are undoubtedly distinct,
the differences between them being well pointed out by Heer P. C, T.
Snellen. They are very much rarer than is H. nama in the Himalayas.
146. HERONA suMATRANA, Moore,
H. sumatrana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 308; id., de Nicéville,
Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 5, n. 4, pl. iii, fig. 7, female (1894).
Moore. Grose Smith. Originally described from Sumatra. As
also in all other localities the Sumatran specics of Herona is very rare.
In Deh it ocenrs from Selesseh to Bekantschan in March, July and
September, but only four or five specimens a year will be obtained
by all our collectors put together. On the wing it looks like an
Buthalia and has a similar flight, thongh it has the habit of settling on
tree trunks which Luthalias seldom or never do except when sucking up
the jnice from a wound in the bark.
J47. PRECIS IPHITA, Cramer.
Snellen. Hagen.
148. Precis 1a, Cramer.
Hagen. Semper. Both species of Precis are found throughout our
arca and all the year round in ever following generations. P. iphita,
Cramer, is somewhat the rarer, and is restricted to forests both large
and small, whereas P. ida is found more in open ground, mostly near
houses, in gardens, and in orchards, but never in forest. There are no
intermediate gradations between these two species in Deli. They have
a stronger and bolder flight than the species of Junonia which follow.
349. JUNONIA ALMANA, Linneus.
Snellen as asterie. Grose Smith as asterie. Hagen as asterie.
Distant as asterie. In my opiuion J. almana and J. asterie, both of
Linneus, are one and the same species, the former being the dry-
season non-ocellated, the latter the wet-season occllated form, Only
the latter is found in Sumatra, which accounts for that name being
used by all anthors in recording it from the island. As, however, almana
is the older name for the species, it has to be used, though it was
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 407
applied to the dry-season form. It is common in Sumatra on open
grassy places, near houses and ditches, but is never found in the
forest. Dr. Martin once found the larva on a small, low, white-
flowering, labiate plant.
150. JUNONIA ATLITES, Linneeus.
Snellen as laomedia. Hagen as laomedia. Distant. Quite as com-
mon in Deli as the preceding species, and found from close to the sea
to the Central Plateau, specimens from the hills being richer in colour
with blacker margins than those from the plains. It is very fond of
water, near which, if it is running in open places or in ditches, it may
always be found.
151. *JUNONIA VELLIDA, Fabricius,
Grose Smith. Kirby. This species occurs only in Australia, as far
as I am able to ascertain. Its record from Sumatra by the authors
cited is probably erroneous.
152. Junonia OCYALE, Hübner.
Snellen as orythia [sic] and orithyia. Hagen as orithya [sic]. Sem-
per. Staudinger as wallacei. J. ocyale is a local race of J. orithyia,
Linneeus, a very widely spread and variable species. I agree with Herr
Georg Semper (Schmett. Philipp., p. 120, n. 142) that J. wallacei, Dis-
tant, described from the Malay Peninsula and Java, is a synonym of
J. ocyale. Mr. Distant does not venture to say how the two species
are supposed to differ. Even in a restricted area like Sumatra this
butterfly shows variations within certain limits, and is more pro-
nounced in the female than in the male. Itis found over the whole
of our area, but not too near the sea; it is very fond of small grassy
spots, where it often abounds, and where also the rarer female may be
captured. It is very restless, often settling, but only remaining for a
very short time when it again takes a short quick flight, so that it is
not easily caught. Dr. Hagen reports seeing it in large numbers in
the short degenerated lalang-grass of the Central Plateau.
153. Nepris (Rahinda) nordon, Stoll.
Grose Smith as hordona [sic]. Hagen. Distant.
154. Neptis (Rahinda) PARAKA, Butler.
Grose Smith as peraka [sic]. Hagen as peraka [sic]. Staudinger
as peraka [sic]. Dr. Standinger considers the N. dahana, Kheil, from
a . . . ?
Nias island, to be a synonym of this species.
408 L. de Nicévillc & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
155. Nepris tica, Moore.
Butler. Staudinger as tiga and dorelia. I have a very long suite
of specimens of this species, and after careful comparison have come
to the conclusion that N. dorelia, Butler (1877), N. sattanga, Moore
(1881), and N. kuhasa, de Nicéville (1886), are all synonyms of N. tiga,
Moore (1858). To this list will probably have to be added Rahinda
[sic] siaka, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 311, described
from Sumatra, as the description agrces exactly with some specimens
of N. tiga I possess from Perak in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
The variation observable in N. tiga is obviously mainly due to scason,
the dry-season form being sparsely banded with black ou the underside,
the wet-season form heavily so. Of the three small yellow Neptes,
N. hordonia is the commonest, whereas N. paruka and N. tiga are both
rare, especially the latter. They all occur in large and high forest,
but are most frequently found on the boundaries of the forest, or just
within the borders, where there is considerable sunshine. They are
very weak-flying insects, and are easily captured when at rest with wide
spread wings on the leaves of low bushes and on flowers, N. hordonia
occurs in the plains up to Bekantschan, the other two prefer higher
clevations, and have been caught as high as Socngei Batoe.
156. NEPTIS BATARA, Moore.
N. batara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 310.
Moore. Snellen as miah. Originally described from Sumatra.
N. batara has been described and figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay.,
p- 444, n. 18, pl. xli, fig. 14 (1886), as N. miah, var, from Perak.
It is very doubtfully distinct from N. miah, Moore. Found only on the
higher hills at Soengei Batoe and the Central Plateau in July, but is
very rare.
157. NEPTIS SANKARA, Kollar.
Excessively rare, Dr. Martin obtained a single male from the
Battak mountains in October, 1894. It is more intensely black and
white than typical N. sankara, but the markings are similar. The
N. amba and N. carticoides, both of Moore, arc synonyms of this species,
as probably also is N. amboides, Moore.
158. NEPTIS rHAMALA, Moore.
N. thamala, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xxi, p. 36, pl. iii,
fig. 1, female (1886).
Originally described from Lower Burma, It is very rare in Sumatra,
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 409
Dr. Martin has obtained three or four specimens only, one of which
from Namoe Oekor is in my collection, taken in October.
159. Nepris vikasi, Horsfield.
Hagen as vikasi, Moore [sic]. Butler. Staudinger. A common
species in the plains, but restricted to forest.
160. *NEPTIS omERoDA, Moore.
N. omeroda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 571.
Grose Smith as ormeroda [sic]. Originally described from Penang
in the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Distant considers it to be a synonym of
N. vikasi, Horsfield. Mr. Moore describes it as being “a much blacker
insect both above and below ” than that species. It is unknown to us.
161. *Nepris HARITA, Moore,
Staudinger. Itis quite probable that this species does occur in
Sumatra, though Dr. Martin has never obtained it. Though quite dis-
tinct it may easily be overlooked, as it is very similar to N. vikasi,
Horsfield.
162. Nepris angana, Moore.
Is by far the most beautiful Neptis of our area, especially the
underside of both wings, which exhibit very splendid colours. Is
found only in the hills as high or even higher than the Central Plateau,
3,000 feet. Dr. Martin possesses three specimens only, the first ob-
tained in 1894, after twelve years’ collecting.
163. NEPTIS LeEvcoTHOE, Cramer.
Snellen as aceris. Hagen as aceris. Certainly the commonest species
of the genus in Sumatra, and found almost everywhere all the year round.
N. aceris, Lepechin, of Hurope, appears to me to be distinct from the pre-
sent species, as it has the white bands on the underside of both wings
not outwardly defined with black as they invariably are in both the wet-
and dry-season forms of N. leucothoé—the latter form not found in
Sumatra.
164. *Nepris PAPAJA, Moore.
N. papaja, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 570.
Moore. Kirby. ‘The description of this species agrees with speci-
mens I have identified as N. leucothoé, Cramer, the ground-colour of
the underside being “ ferruginous-yellow; markings prominent, black-
410 UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
bordered.” It was described from Sumatra. This adds one more to
the twelve synonyms of N. leucofhoé given by me in “The Gazetteer
of Sikhim,” p. 137 (1894).
165. NEPTIS NATA, Moore.
Grose Smith. Hagen. A common species in the plains. Itis a
little variable, in typical specimens the diseal white band on the under-
side of the hindwing ends on the costal nervure, in others it ends on
the first subcostal nervule. I greatly doubt if the N. gononata, Butler,
from Malacca, is distinct from this species.
166. NEPTIS DURYODANA, Moore.
Grose Smith as duryodama [sic]. Snellen. A common species of
the plains in October.
167. *Neptis NADINA, Moore.
Grose Smith as soma. N. soma, Moorc, is a synonym of N. nadina,
Moore. It is probable that Mr. Grose Smith identified this species
from specimens similar to those which I subscquently described as
N. clinioules.
168. Neptis clinrorpEs, de Nicéville.
N. clinioides, de Niceville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Isiii, pt. 2, p. 6, n. 5, pl. i, fig. 8,
male (1894).
Very rare, a few specimens only have been obtained in the
Battak monntains and Central Plateau in June.
169. Nepris susruta, Moore.
Grose Smith. A common spccies in the low forests.
170. *NEPTIS HELIODORA, Cramcr.
Hagen. Probably a wrong identification. It was described from
Aumboina, and is apparently confined to the Moluccas.
171. NEPTIS opH1ana, Moore.
Hagen as ophiana, var.? Very rare, Dr. Martin has obtained a
single specimen. Herr Georg Semper places this species and its allies
in the genus Phedyma, Felder, of which N. heliodora, Cramer, is
the type (Schmett. Philipp., p. 142 (1889). With the exception of
N. sankara, Kollar, N. clintoides, de Nicéville, and N. ophiana, Moore, all
the black species of Neptis are common insects, oecurring everywhere
in open places, both in small jungle and in large forest, except N. susruta,
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 411
Moore, and N. nata, Moore, which are restricted to the latter. Of the
Nymphaline the species of this genus are earliest on the wing, and do not
appear at all to mind the leaves being wetted with rain or dew. Aftera
shower they will appear immediately, and even fly when there is no sun.
Wherever there are a few trees or bushes along the roads, in gardens,
and in fact practically everywhere they may be found, weakly sailing
about and frequently settling; apparently highly protected as they shew
no fear whatever.
172. CIRRHOCHROA ORISSA, Felder.
Grose Smith. Hagen. In the male on the upperside of the fore-
wing the first median nervule and submedian nervure, and the subcos-
tal nervules of the hindwing are for some distance on both sides defined
by a fine ochreous line, the veins themselves being black. Occurs only
in forest, but not at high elevations, not higher than Namoe Oekor;
very common at Selesseh in June and August.
173. CIRRHOCHROA SATELLITA, Butler.
Hagen, The male has no secondary sexual characters. ‘Tt is
rarer than C. orissa, Felder; occurs only in forests, and at still lower
elevations in July. It is weaker on the wing than that species.
174. CIRRHOCHROA CLAGIA, Godart.
Snellen. Distant. In the male on the upperside of both wings
the veins where they cross the disc are more or less black, and in the
forewing they are defined on both sides with ochreous for a short
distance on entering the broad black marginal border. Occurs only
at elevations over 1,000 feet, higher than Namoe Oekor, found at
Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe in May, July, and September. Is the
rarest of all the species of Cirrhochroa occurring in Sumatra.
175. CIRRHOCHROA BAJADETA, Moore.
Snellen, Hagen. The male has no secondary sexual characters.
Ts found everywhere in October in forest, and also in places where a
small piece of the original forest has been left, as does Cupha erymanthis,
Drury. The males are prone to visit damp spots on roads.
176. CirRHOCHROA MALAYA, Felder.
Hagen. Wallace. Mr. Distant remarks that “Specimens will be
obtained of a completely intermediate character between C. bajadeta
and C. malaya.” I have seen none such in Sumatra, in fact, C. malaya
appears to me more nearly allied to C. mithila, Moore, than to
J. IL 52
412 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,
C. bajadeta, the male differing from that sex of the former on the
upperside of the forewing in having a broad black marginal border
instead of three waved black lines, and in the hindwing in having the
inner of the three marginal black lines discontinuous instead of con-
tinuous. The secondary sexual characters of the male consists in some
specimens (absent in others) of the fifth subcostal and upper discoidal
nervules of the forewing on the upperside on entering the apical black
margin being defined on both sides by a narrow line of ochreous. It is
much rarer than C. bajadeta, and occurs in the same localities, bnt is not
found higher than Namoe Qekor. The female is unknown to us.
177. CIRRHOCHROA MITHILA, Moore.
Hagen as aoris. O. aoris, Doubleday and Hewitson, is confined
to the Eastern Himalayas, Assam, and Upper Burma, Dr. Hagen’s
identification probably applies to the present species. It is somewhat
rare, and found in forests at low elevations. The male has no secondary
sexual characters.
178. Crirrnocuroa (Paduca) Fascia, Felder.
Wallace. Staudinger. Kirby. Semper. I have fully described
the male secondary sexnal characters of this species in Butt. of India,
vol. ii, p. 109. It is the smallest aud weakest-flying species in the
genus, inhabits forest, and is always somewhat rare. It is found from
near the sea to the monntains as high as Bekantschan. In 1890
Dr. Martin found it unusually plentiful at the Saentis Estate near
the sea, where a flowering tree was daily covered, so long as the
flowers lasted, with this species, and on two occasions he captured
more than forty quite fresh specimens.
179. STIBOCHIONA KANNEGIETERI, Fruhstorfer.
S. kannegieteri, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 305 (1894).
Suellen as coresia. Grose Smith as coresia. Hagen as coresia. Stan-
dinger as coresiu. Kirby as coresia. Originally described from Sumatra
and Borneo. Very near to S. coresia, Hiibner, from Java, (from whence
also Herr H. Frnhstorfer has deseribed S. rothschildi), that species in the
male on the upperside of the hindwing having a series of submarginal
white spots which are absent in the Sumatran specics, and in the
female having a broad white marginal band which in the Sumatran
species is repliced by a series of white spots similar to the male of
S. coresia. Ocenrs in our area from the lower hills to the Central
Plateau, is not common, and is seldom procured in perfect condition.
The lowest localities where Dr. Martin has caught it are Namoe Oekor
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 413
in Langkat, and Kotta Lembaroe in Deli. It settles on trees not
very high from the ground with widespread wings, and behaves ow
the wing like an Euthalia,
180. HYPOLIMNAS BOLINA, Linnæus.
Snellen. Hagen as bolina and jacintha. Wallace. Staudinger as
bolina, var. jacintha. Distant. Extremely variable in the female sex,
many of them being of the form named gacinthu by Drury. But none
of the forms described by Cramer from Java which are more or less
richly marked with ochreous on the upperside, such as iphigenia, melita,
alemene, antigone, and proserpina are found in Sumatra. In Deli it is
rather rare, and prefers low elevations, not being found higher than
Namoe Oekor. It is more plentiful near the sea, as at the Saentis
Estate and at Mabar Dr. Martin could obtain one or two specimens
nearly every day. Only in December, 1892, and January, 1893, it
appeared in large numbers and all varieties of the female near Bindjei,
but in the following year there was not a single specimen to be seen.
It does not frequent forests, but is found on reads, in gardens, and
near houses.
181. HYPOLIMNAS ANOMALA, Wallace.
Grose Smith. Snellen as anxtilope. Hagen. Semper. The H. anti-
lope of Cramer described from Amboina appears to be a distinct species,
and is recorded by Wallace from Amboyna, Ceram, and Bouru. In our
area H. anomala becomes year by year more scarce, in correlation with
the disappearance of the forests. It does not occur at higher elevations
than Bindjei, Is a highly mimetic insect, as the males very closely
resemble on the wing the brown species of Huplea, such as I. moorei,
Butler, and also settle near forest roads like Huploeas with folded wings.
The female is trimorphic; the first form has the upperside richly
glossed with blue, and mimics the male of Huplea linnwi, Moore ; the
second form is dull brown, lacking the blue coloration altogether, is very
similar to the male, only duller and larger, and mimics the brown
Eupleas ; the third form has along tle outer margin of the hindwing on
both the upper and undersides aseries of marginal white streaks be-
tween the veins, and may be taken on the wing for HL. pinwillii, Butler.
182. Hyronimnas MISIPPUS, Linneeus.
Snellen. Hagen. Distant. The female in Sumatra is of the
form of diocippus, Cramer, and isa beautiful mimic of Danais chrysip-
pus, Linneus. The form which mimics Danais klugit, Butler, and
occurs in India and Africa, is not found in Sumatra, neither does it
414 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
mimic the white aberration of D. chrysippus, (alcippus, Cramer), which
is found in Sumatra, as it does in Africa. H. misippus is very com-
mon in Sumatra, and abounds in open places, on roads, near houses,
and especially in newly-cut tobacco fields, where after the tobacco is
cut down and removed there springs up a rich growth of low plants.
Not found at a greater elevation than Bekantschan. Has a wide
range, from Northern Australia and New Guinea on the onc hand,
to Florida in the United States of America on the other. Dr. Martin
notes that not knowing the species in Europe and on first arrival in
Sumatra he would not believe his European assistant when he brought
both sexes and said they were male and female of one species. Dr.
Martin dismissed him with an incredulous smile, but the next day he
caught a couple paired, and then knew better.
183. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linneeus.
Snellen. Grose Smith. Hagen. Staudinger. Semper. Occurs
only on the Central Platcau, where in some years it is found in large
uumbers and where Dr. Hagen captured it. Dr. Martin canght a single
male specimen at ‘Tocntocngan in Deli in September, 1888, to which
place this mountainecr may have been carried by a high wind. Su-
matran specimens are never as large as those from Northern India, but
are usually larger than the Javan form (A. javanica, Oberthür), which
las a richer and darker coloration than the Sumatran form. The
female is rarer than the male, native collectors bring it in the pro-
portion of one to five. (For notes on this species see de Nicéville,
Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 143 (1893).
184. Dicnorrwacia NESIMACHUS, Boisduval.
Hagen. Semper. Formerly by no means a rare insect in Deli
and Langhat before the clearing of the forest, and occurred at low
elevations, not higher than Bekantschan. Dr. Hagen before 1882
fonud it common in Serdang, whereas Dr. Martin, who commenced
to collect in that year, obtained his first specimen in 1887 near a small
river at Soengei Beras, where a small piece of forest was left. Later
it was found to be morc plentiful at Selesseh, also south of Namoe Oekor,
and in Padang Bedagei; the Gayoe collectors again brought it in large
munbers, collected in the forests on the way to their homes in the
mountains. It is foud of settling on forest roads with wings only
half open, and has a very rapid flight as its robust structure shews.
185. Parrnenos GAMBRISIUS, Fabricius.
Hagen. Wallace. All the spccics of this genus have a very beauti-
fnl and characteristic flight, unlike any other butterfly known to me.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 415
It is very strong on the wing, and flies over high bushes and trees, and
alights on the uppersides of the leaves with open wide-spread wings.
When flying it keeps the wings very level and parallel with the ground,
the tips or apices of the forewings slightly depressed, it flaps the
wings but seldom, and is much given to soaring. The Sumatran form
is the one which has been named P. lilacinus by Butler, and has a patch
on the internal area of the forewing and the basal area of the hindwing
on the upperside marked with lilac. In our area it occurs all the year
round at low elevations, not as high as Namoe Oekor, is not rare, but is
not easy to capture. Is found not only in high forest, but also in small
strips of forest and jungle always accompanying the smaller streams.
Is very fond of and is only found near water. In a boat journey up
the Bedagei River, both banks of which were covered with the flowers
of a snow-white lily, Dr. Martin noticed P. gambrisius settling in
considerable numbers on the flowers ; a beautiful sight for a lover of
nature. At the Batoe Mandi Estate on the high bank of the Wampoe
River are planted a few male papaya trees (which of course bear only
flowers and no fruit), and on these flowers the Javan collector Saki
captured a very fine series of specimens.
186. LEBADEA MARTHA, Fabricius.
Limenitis martha, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 59, n. 1, pl. i, fig. 4,
male (1869).
Lebadea alankara, Horsfield (martha, Fabricius ?), var. sumatrensis, Staudinger,
Ex. Schmett., p. 142 (1886).
Hagen. Butler as alankara and martha. Kirby. Distant. Stau-
dinger as alankara, var. sumatrensis, and martha, var, sumatrensis.
Fabricius described this species from Siam; Butler says the type is
in the Banksian collection at the British Museum, he figures the species,
and records it from Sumatra. Not having any Siamese specimens of
Lebadea to compare with Sumatran ones, I accept Butler’s identification ;
but should the Siamese and Sumatran species be found afterwards
to differ, Staudinger’s name sumatrensis must stand. The genus is a
small one, and contains L. ismene, Doubleday and Hewitson, from Sik-
him, Bhutan, Assam, and Upper Burma, which gradually merges into
L. attenuata, Moore, from Lower Burma, which again meets L. martha,
Fabricius = L. alankura, Horsfield, in the Malay Peninsula, found also
in Sumatra, Java and Banca; another species being L. paduka (nec
L. panduka, Staudinger), Mooie, from Borneo. Butler in Trans. Linn,
Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 565 (1877) gives both
L. alankara and L. martha from Sumatra, it is hardly probable that two
distinct species occur in one island, and, as will be seen above, I consider
those two names to represent one species. In our area it occurs from
416 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Selesseh to Namoe Oekor, and as high as Soengei Batoe; is a true
butterfly of the forest, settles on leaves with spread wings, and
has a decidedly weaker flight than Limenitis and Huthalia. The sexes
differ very much in size, the female being always much larger than
the male; often extremely small males are found. It is not a common
butterfly.
187. ĻIMENITIS ALBOMARGINATA, Weymer.
I. albomarginata, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 5, n. 3, pl. ii, fig. 2,
male (1887).
L. albomarginata, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,
pt. 2, p. 7, n. 7 (1895).
L. hageni, Staudinger, Iris, vol. v, p. 452 (1892) ; idem, id., lc., vol. vii, p. 342
(1894).
Padang, West Sumatra, Weymer. Staudinger. This species is
a very distinct local race of the Himalayan and Assamese L. danava,
Moore. It occurs only in Sumatra, and in our area is found only on the
Central Plateau, from whence every year a large number of males
were brought by the collectors, once only a single female, which
Dr. Martin has described (l. c.). As the sexes of this as well as
of other butterflies are produced in about equal numbers, it shews
clearly the skulking habits of the female that it should be so exces-
sively rare in collections, The same sex of L. danava is almost
equally rarely seen in India.
188. LIMENITIS DARAYA, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Doherty records this species from Larut Hill, Perak, Malay Penin-
sula, and describes L. agneya from the same hill, but found at 3,000 feet
lower elevation (Journ. A. S. B., vol. lx, pt. 2, p. 176 (1891). L. daraxa
is much rarer in our area than the preceding species, and occurs in the
same locality, Never more than two or three specimens are captured in
one year.
189. Limeniris BOCKI, Moore.
L, bockii, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 308.
Moore. Hagen as dudu. Grose Smith as dudu and bockit. Moore
describes this species from Sumatra, and as allied to L. dudu, Westwood,
from North-Eastern India, differing in being smaller, with a broader
transverse white band. The size is unimportant, I possess smaller
specimens of L. dudu than of L. bockit ; but the discal band is certainly
broader, especially so on the forewing. The rarest of all the species of
Limenitis in our area, of which Dr. Martin has received during all the
period he was in Sumatra not more than ten specimens, nearly all of
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 417
which were captured near Kampong Namau and Kampong Beras
Tepoe on the Central Plateau. Mr. Grose Smith’s record of both
L. dudu and L. bockit from Sumatra is almost certainly incorrect.
190. Limenitis ( Moduza) procris, Cramer.
Hagen. Distant. A common species everywhere, but not found
higher than Bekantschan, as the food-plant of the larva docs not grow
at the higher elevations. The butterfly is fond of wet places and feces
on roads, to which it always returns after being disturbed. If pursued
it retires for a short time into the jungle, and settles on the leaves.
It is never met with in large forest.
191. ` PANDITA SINOPE, Moore.
Hagen. Is now very rare in Deli at low elevations, occurs in Dr.
Martin’s fruit garden at Bindjei and at Selesseh, but never at a higher
elevation. In the time before so much of the forest had been destroyed
for tobacco cultivation in Deli it was more common, and always shewed
a preference for small forest or the boundaries of large forest, seldom
found within the precincts of the latter.
192. ÅTHYMA PERIUS, Linnæus.
Hagen as perius, Aurivillius [sic]. Snellen as lewcothoé. Common
everywhere from near the sea and extending to the Central Plateau.
This species also was very plentiful before the advent of the tobacco
cultivation, but is now somewhat rare in those districts. As soon as these
are left behind it appears everywhere on roads and the margins of small
forest. It is doubtless a good mimic of our commonest species of Neptis,
N. leucothoé, Cramer, together with which itis always found, and from
which it is not easily differentiated on the wing, but, if pursued, it at
once assumes its stronger and bolder proper Athyma-like flight.
Occurs also at Asahan and in the Gayoe-lands.
193. ÅTHYMA LARYMNA, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Snellen. The largest of all our Athymas, occurs
all over our area with the exception perhaps of the Central Plateau.
Is decidedly rare, and always found only singly on feces aud moist
spots on forest roads. Every year Dr. Martin captured two or three
specimens on tle muddy banks of the Soengei Diski River near
Paya Bakong.
194. ArHyMma DITA, Moore.
Grose Smith. Has the same range and occurs iu similar places
418 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
as A. larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, but is very rare. In con-
sequence of the beautiful coloration and markings of the underside
it is a conspicuous insect when at rest with folded wings.
195. ATHYMA KANWA, Moore.
Snellen. Very rare, more so than the two foregoing species.
Found from Bekantschan to Soengei Batoe. Dr. Martin has never seen
it on the wing.
196. AtTHYMA PRAVARA, Moore.
Butler. Distant. A commoner species than those mentioned
above. Occurs in forests in the plains and as high as Namoe Oekor.
It is the smallest of our Athymas, and is easy to recognise by the club-
like streak with rounded end in the discoidal cell of the forewing,
197. AtTHYMA RETA, Moore.
Moore as reta and kresna. Grose Smith as reta and kresna.
Hagen as reta, var. ? Kirby. Distant as kresna. Butler as kresna.
Moore described both A. reta and A. kresna from Sumatra on the same
page and figured both. He figures reta with all the spots and bands
of the upperside pure white ; A. kresna with all the markings pale blue
except the submarginal band of the hindwing which is white. The
markings are precisely similar except that in A. reta they are somewhat
larger. J have no hesitation whatever in considering these two suppos-
ed distinet species to be one and the same, the differential characters
given to distinguish them being in my opinion quite non-specific, being
based on characters which are obviously variable. The blue coloration
of A. kresna is almost certainly incorrect. In one place Mr. Moore
speaks of the markings as “ bluish-white,” and in another as ‘ white.”
It is a common species in Borneo, and occurs also in Lower Burma and
the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Moore has suggested that A. subrata, Moore,
may be a dimorphie form of the female of A. kresna = A. reta, the ordi-
nary female of which has reddish markings. I possess only males of
A. kresna, so have no idea what its female is like. A. subrata is quite
distinct from A. kresna, see No. 199, that species being a local race of
A. nefte, Cramer; A. subrata cannot therefore be the female of A. kresna.
Together with A. perius, Linnzeus, and A. subrata, Moore, this is the
commonest species of the plains, and is met with on nearly every road
leading through high forest. The pupa is very richly decorated with
gold as usual in the genus.
198. ATHYMA ABIASA, Moore.
Grose Smith. This rare and beautiful species occurs at Soenget
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 419
Batoe, 3,000 feet, and even higher. It is easily recognised by the fine
white lines before and beyond the large white spot at the end of the
discoidal cell of the forewing.
199. AvHyMA AMHARA, Druce.
Limenitis selenophora, Snellen (nec Kollar), Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 15,
n. 1, pl. i, figs. 4, 5, male (1892).
Snellen as selenophora. Is a local race of A. selenophora, Kollar,
that species occurring in the Himalayas, Bhutan, Assam, Tavoy in
Burma, and Java. The present species is found in the Malay Penin-
sula, Sumatra, and Borneo. The male differs only from A. selenophora
in having a submarginal or onter-discal pure white macular instead
of a very obscure pale fuscous fascia on the upperside of the hind-
wing. The females of the two species are indistingnishable. It is the
commonest species of Athyma of the higher mountains and the Central
Plateau, especially plentiful in December and January.; found also in
Indragiri.
200. ÅTHYMA SUBRATA, Moore.
Grose Smith as subrata and nefte. Hagen as nefte. Staudinger as
nefte. Distant. We have here to do with a very interesting group of
species. In Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam and South India the male is mnch
marked on the upperside with yellow, and is the A. inara of Donbleday
and Hewitson (= inarina, Butler). This species gradually merges in
Burma into A. asita, Moore, specimens absolutely intermediate between
A. asita and A. inara occurring. Further south in the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Nias, and Borneo A. subrata (= nivifera, Butler), occurs. The
characters given by Butler to distinguish it from A. nefte, Cramer, hold
good, so it may be accepted as a good local race. In Java A. nefte
alone occurs. A. rufula, de Nicéville, from the Andaman Isles, and
A. glora, Kheil, from Nias, are distinct species. A. tnara and A. asita
have one female only, which is yellow. A. subrata has two females,
the one is yellow, the other is brown. It was described from the brown
form of female, its male is the A. nivifera of Butler. A. nefte is also
dimorphic, one form being yellow the other brown. The two females
of A. subrata and the two of A. nefte cannot be distinguished, the males
alone are different, and the species are kept distinct by me on the
male sex alone. A. rufula appears to have only one form of female.
As noted above, this is a common species of the plains, not occurring
higher than Namoe Oekor. The males are found on forest roads, the
females inside the forest, of which latter the brown form is less rare
than the yellow. The brown form almost certainly mimics Neptis
vikast, Horsfield, but there is no large yellow Neptis in our area that the
J. 11. 53
420 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
yellow form could mimic, though, as Doherty has remarked, size is
probably not an insuperable bar to mimicry, as the vertebrate enemies of
insects probably think that insects in the perfect state grow as they do
themselves, so that our large yellow female Athyma probably does mimie
the smaller yellow species of Neptis, such as N. hordonia, Stoll.
201. AtTHyma ASSA, de Nieéville.
A, assa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 42, n. 5, pl. K,
fig. 8, male (1893).
Occurs at the same localities and elevations as A. amhara, Druee,
but is much rarer. It is a beautiful species, of whieh the first speei-
mens were obtained in 1892.
202. Euraan (Dophla) perma, Kollar.
Hagen. A very fine, large and rare speeies which is found from near
the sea to the elevation of Bekantsehan. It is, like the rare speeies of
Charares, Prothoé, aud also Athyma larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson,
only met with singly or in pairs. Dr. Martin obtained his first pair
in 1887 near Toentoengan at a place in a large forest where a Chinese
carpenter was sawing wood, and the two butterflies were feeding on the
wet sawdust. Dr. Martin possesses specimens from Stabat on the
Wampoe River, and from Boekit Mas on the Besitan River. Heisunder
tho impression that like a pair of tigers or large birds of prey, which
keep a largo area of country solely for their own use and benefit and do
not allow any other individuals of the same species to intrude into this
area, that the above-named large and rare butterflies—but only in the
subfamily Nymphalinw—behave similarly, as there are never found
more than one or two specimens of each over a large area. The reason
for this Dr. Martin is quite unable to explain.
203. Evruaia (Dophla) puxya, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Hagen. Even rarer than E. derma, Kollar. Dr. Martin only
possesses two speeimens, one from Bekantsehan, and one from Kampong
Singhapura, five miles south of Namoe Oekor, so is probably in Sumatra
confined to the outer hills. It is very common in S.-E. Borneo.
204. Evrnaria (Dophla) eurus, de Nicéville.
E. (Dophla) eurus, do Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 15, n. 18,
pl. ii, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1894). n
Of all the Euthalias, this speeies approaches nearest to the sea,
as Dr. Hagen has captured it near Laboean, and Dr. Martin both sexes
in the forest between the Saentis Estate and the sea, Found not higher
than Bindjei or Selesseh. Both scxes are rare, espeeially the female
1595.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 421
205. Eurnania (Leatas) pinta, Fabricius.
Hagen. Grose Smith. Butler. Distant. Was a very common
species in Deli before the extension of the tobacco cultivation destroyed
nearly the whole of the forests; it occurred round nearly every house,
and both sexes were easily captured on the kitchen-midden, especially
on discarded fragments of fruit thrown out by the Chinese cook.
Still very common behind the honse of the manager of the Tandjong
Djatti Estate, where there is still left a small forest of teak (“ djatti” in
Malay) trees. Occurs from November to March, never in high virgin
forest, not at a greater elevation than Bekantschan. The female is
called “ The golden-spot butterfly” by Europeans in the Straits Settle-
ments. It settles with wide open-spread wings, at least when feeding.
Dr. Dohrn has bred it at Soekaranda. Males of this species from the
mountains are ou the underside of both wings far darker than specimens
from the plains, and a little bluish in hue.
206. Hurnuaita (Levias) PARDALINA, Staudinger.
Symphedra pardalina, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 154, pl. liv, male [as par-
dalis, Staudinger] (1886).
A remarkable species, the male and female being alike, and very
similar on the upperside to the female of E. dirtea, Fabricius, while the
male of F. dirtea is entirely different from its female, and is therefore
quite dissimilar from that sex of FE. pardulina, It is very rare, and
occurs only at higher elevations, at Soengei Batoe and on the Central
Plateau, where E. dirtea is never found.
207. *EUTHALIA (Lexias) CYANIPARDUS, Butler,
Dr. Hagen informs us that he has himself captured a male of this
species (which has already been recorded from Borneo) near the Saentis
Estate in Deli, and has obtained females by his collectors from Western
Sumatra.
208. EuTmALIA (Felderia) cocytus, Fabricius.
Vollenhoven as ludekingit, described from Sumatra, and blumez.
Felder, as mitra described from Sumatra and Banca. Snellen as blumer.
Hagen as blumei, ludekingii, and cocytina. Grose Smith as cocytina and
diardi. Butler as ludekingit. Staudinger as blumei. Semper as ludekingi.
Kirby as cocytina and ludekingit. Distant as cocytina. Five species
of the subgenus Felderia have been recorded from Sumatra by different
writers as enumerated above. To these names might be added
E. stoliczkuna, Distant, E. maclayi, Distant, and F. puseda, Moore, given
by Mr. Distant in “ Rhopalocera Malayana ” from the Malay Peninsula.
422 L. de Nicévillc & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Other probable synonyms are E. gopia, Moore, E. godartii, Gray,
described from Sumatra, and Æ. monina, Fabricius. During the time
Mr. W. Davison of the Singapore Museum was alive he devoted
much time and pains to no purpose in trying to separate into dis-
tinct species the many forms recorded by Mr. Distant from the Malay
Peninsula, and to thìs end captured many hundreds of specimens
of both sexes, numbers of which he scnt tome. In the forests of
Sumatra this protean species is equally common, and Dr. Martin has
obtained both sexes in large numbers. He and I have quite failed ta
split them up into separate species. Dr. Staudinger appears also to
have succeeded no better. Both sexes are variable, but it is in the
femalc that the variations are the greater aud more puzzling. Tt is
quite easy to assign names in accordance with described species to the
more copspicuous varieties, but when one comes to arrange large series
of specimens one finds how impossible it is to divide them into separate
species. The only solution of the difficulty in splitting up this species
appears to lie in extensive breeding from the egg. Even supposing
the male primary scxual organs should on microscopical examination
disclose specific differences, the difficulty will only be half got over, as
the question of pairing the females with the males found to represent
distinct species will be quite hopeless till both are bred. I have adopt-
ed the oldest name for the group. Dr. O. Staudinger has taken the next
oldest name, which isthe “ Pupilio”’ monina, also of Fabricius. EH, cocytus
is the commonest species of Euthalia occurring in our area, and is found
evcrywhicro except on the Central Plateau. The males are very easily
damaged, and seldom found in collections in an absolutely perfect state.
The male is doubtless mimicked on the wing by the males of Stibachiona
kannegieteri, Fruhstorfer.
209. HEurnaria (Felderia) asoga, Felder.
Snellen. This species was originally described from a female
from “Malacca interior” and Borneo; Distant records it from Penang,
Province Wellesley, and Malacca, He figures both sexes, and associates
with the very distinct female a male with the apex of the forewing
rather more produced than in the males of the other species of the
gronp he retains as distinct species, and with the underside of both
wings unusually dark, with a broad outer pale margin to the forewing.
At the carnest request of Dr. Martin I retain this species as distinct
from E. cocytus, Fabricius, but it is against my better judgment
todo so, The female is typically very distinct, as it has on the
upperside of the forewing a prominent band of seven sullied white
spots, the anteriormost sometimes divided into two spots, but joined
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 423
in both Felder’s and Distant’s figures; the two posteriormost spots
in the submedian interspace somewhat small, placed one above the
other; between this macular whitish band and the outer margin is a
diffused broad pale blue fascia. I find, however, in my large series of
females of this group, that these apparently good and distinct characters
are not constant, and that it is well nigh impossible to differentiate this
form satisfactorily. Mr. Distant’s sexing of the species is probably
purely guess work, and cannot be accepted finally without some good
proof, such as taking the two sexes paired or breeding both from the egg.
It is possible that H. macnairi, Distant, is a distinct species and is the
same as E. andersonii, Moore, in which case Distant’s name has a year’s
priority. Dr. Martin notes that F. asoka is the rarest species of the
group occurring in our area, and that it is found at higher elevations
than the others, not lower than Bekantschan.
210. Euraaia (Tunaécia) vikrama, Felder.
Felder. Grose Smith as pulasara. Butler as pulasara. Hagen as
pulasara, var. ? Kirby. Distant. Originally described from Sumatra.
This is alocal race of E. (Tanaécia) pulasara, Moore, from the Malay
Peninsula, but is sufficiently different to be retained as a distinct
species. Not rare in the plains of Sumatra.
211. #EUTHALIA (Tanaécia) PELEA, Fabricius.
Snellen. Grose Smith as palguna. As far as I am aware, this
species is confined to Java, from whence I possess specimens of both
sexes, Mr, Moore has figured the male as “ Adolias” palguna, Moore,
which is a synonym of E. pelea.
212. *EUTHALIA (Tanaécia) SUPERCILIA, Butler.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Penang. Mr. Butler has
figured a male. It is entirely unknown to us.
213. Euraaia (Tanaécia) pHintia, Weymer.
Tanaécia phintia, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 7, n. 6, pl. i, fig. 6,
male (1887).
Weymer. Grose Smith as aruna. Originally described from
Sumatra. This species is a local race of F. (Tanaécia) aruna, Felder =
“ Adolias” pardalis, Vollenhoven, from the Malay Peninsula and Java,
but is easily separable from that species. Rather rare, and only occurs
at higher elevations and south of Namoe Oekor, at Bekantschan and
Soengei Batoe.
424 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
214. EHurnauia (Tanaécia) MARTIGENA, Weymer.
Tanaécia martigena, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 8, n. 6, pl. i, fig. 7,
female (1887).
Weymer. Originally described from Sumatra. Occurs in the same
localities as the last, and is equally uncommon.
215, EUTHALIA NICE'VILLEI, Distant.
One of the rarest insects of our fauna, Dr. Martin having obtained
only two specimens during the years he collected in Sumatra, aiid
Dr. Hagen none at all. Found at an elevation of not less than
3,000 feet. It probably escapes capture by the collectors as it is so
similar in general appearance to E. cocyéus, Fabricius, and is thus often
passed over for that species.
216. Eurnatia (————) Kanna, Moore.
Hagen, Originally described from Borneo. Dr. Martin has ob-
tained a few specimens at Selesseh, but it is very rare.
917. Furnatta (—————) ELONE, de Nicéville.
E. (Tanaécia ?) elone, do Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 47,
n. 7, pl. L, fig. 3, male (1893).
Exeanse: Q, 3:1 to 32 inches. >
DEscRIPTION: Femate. Differs from the male only in its larger
size, paler coloration on both surfaces, and on the underside in the
absence of the violet suffusion, especially on the hindwing.
A vory rare species, found only on the Central Plateau in July and
August. Dr. Hagen obtained this species before Dr. Martin, and sent it
to London for identification, but unsuccessfully ; nor was Dr. Martin more
fortunate in sending it to Berlin for the same purpose somewhat later.
918. EUTHALIA GARUDA, Moore.
Vollenhoven. Hagen. Staudinger. Whilst all the species of
Euthalia abovementioned, with the exception of E. dirtea, Fabricius,
and also all that follow except F. adonia, Cramer, are more or less
inbabitants of the forest, this species appears only near human habita-
tions, as the food-plant of the larva is the leaves of the mangoe tree,
which is always planted near villages and round houses. It is not
found therefore at higher elevations, as that fruit tree even at Namoe
Oekor does not flourish as it does in the plains. Itis most plentiful
in January and February, when the males may be continually seen
pursuing each other from the shade of one mangoe tree to another.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 425
219. EUTHALIA JAMA, Felder.
Hagen. Dr. Martin possesses three males only of this species, all
from higher elevations south of Bekantschan.
220. EUTHALIA ERIPHYLA, de Nicéville.
E. eriphyle, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. vi, p. 353, n. 7
pl. F, fig. 7, male (1891).
E. delmana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 287, n. 178.
Found in the Khasi Hills; the Ataran Valley, Meplé and the
Daunat Range in Middle Tenasserim, Burma; and at Bekantschan at
the foot of the Battak mountains in. September, but it appears to be
everywhere rare. The type specimen figured and described by me
appears to be the dry-season form of this species, which is not found in
Sumatra, and is much paler coloured with more prominent markings
than the rainy-season form.
221. .*HUTHALIA ALPHEDA, Godart.
Snellen. Both sexes have been figured by Mr. Moore in Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., New (second) Series, vol. v, p. 66, n. 6, pl. iii, fig. 4
(1858). As faras I am aware, it is confined to Java, from whence
I have obtained specimens, unless, as seems probable, the F. jama
of Distant, but not of Felder, from Province Wellesley and Malacca, is a
synonym of E. alpheda, in which case it occurs also in the Malay
Peninsula (Rhop. Malay., p. 119, n. 4, pl. xiv, fig. 8, male, pl. xv, fig. 4,
female (1883).
222, EUTHALIA AGNIS, Vollenhoven.
Adolias agnis, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. v, p. 202, n. 27, pl. xii, fig. 2,
female (1862).
Euthalia agnis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit., vol. xxxix, p. 245, pl. xviii, fig. 8,
male (1894).
Recorded from Java by Vollenhoven and Fruhstorfer. In Sumatra
it is only found in the Battak mountains from June to August, and is
very rare.
223. FEUTHALIA MERTA, Moore.
Grose Smith. Originally recorded from China by Mr. Moore, but
probably in error. Itis found in the Malay Peninsula and at Selesseh
in Sumatra, but is excessively rare everywhere.
224, EUTHALIA SAKI, de Nicéville.
E. sakii, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 9, n. 8, pl. iii, fig. 3,
female (1894).
The type is unique, and Dr. Martin says came from Selesseh.
426 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
225. *“HouTHania PARTA, Moore.
Hagen. Originally described from Borneo. Unknown to us.
226. EUTHALIA ? ZICHRI, Butler.
Originally described (but not figured) from Sarawak in Borneo.
Distant describes and figures it from Malacca, but neither figure or
description exactly agrees with Butler’s description of the species.
Nor do our Sumatran specimens agree much better with the type or
the Malacca example. We have here to do either with one very
variable species, or several local races. A considerable series from
various localities is required to settle the point. In Sumatra itis
exceedingly rare, Dr. Martin has obtained two or three specimens only:
from the mountains.
227. EUTHALIA ANOSIA, Moore.
Hagen. Everywhere rare throughout its considerable range of
habitat. Dr. Martin possesses a single specimen from Kampong Singha-
pura, south of Namoe Oekor, captured in April, 1891. Besides this
specimen Dr. Martin canght another himself at Ayer Panas, 18 miles
inland from the town of Malacca, and near the spot where Dr. A. R.
Wallace, F. R.S., captured the type of Prothoé calydonia, Hewitson,
and a third in April, 1895, at the lower end of the Jibi Kola, near
Darjiling, in the castern Himalayas, all these specimens from widely
scparated localities are precisely similar.
998. EUTUALIA LUBENTINA, Cramer.
Hagen as lubentina, Horsfield and Moore [sic]. A rare specics in
Sumatra as elsewhere. Occurs at higher elevations in Sumatra, at
Socugci Batoe and in the Gayoe mountains. Dr. Martin obtained one
pair at Kotta Lembaroe in Deli in 1888.
229. EUTHALIA ADonrIA, Cramer.
Vollenhoven. Hagen as adonia, Horsfield and Moore [sic]. Grose
Smith as adoma [sic]. Staudinger. Very rare, Dr. Martin has obtained
a single female. It seems to occur at the same elevations and localities
as FE. garuda, Moore, and the larva probably feeds on the same tree
(mangoe). The specimen now in Dr. Martin’s collection was caught
by himsclf on a small mangoe tree behind the Chinese merchant’s house
near the Battak resthouse in Bindjei town. He saw a second in
June, 1894, also on a mangoe tree in the garden of the Loboe Dalam
hospital, bnt as he was on duty, he could not secure it. He has never
seen a male.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra, 427
230. Hurnatta (Nora) RAMADA, Moore.
Hagen. Not very common, found from Selesseh to Bekantschan.
231. EUTHALIA (Nora) DECORATA, Butler.
Originally described as Adolias decoratus from Singapore, and both
sexes figured by Butler.
232. Hurnatia (Nora) ERANA, de Nicéville.
E. (Nora) erana, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 46, n. 6,
pL L, figs. 1, male; 2, female (1893).
Snellen as salia. Hagen as salia. The E. (Nora) salia of Moore
is quite distinct from the present species, and is confined to Java, from
whence I possess both sexes. W. erana is very near to FE. decorata,
Butler, but the much less extent of the bronzy-greenish (in some speci-
mens purplish) coloration, and the greater width and purer whiteness
of the inner macular band of the hindwing on the upperside will at
once distinguish the males of the two species. Together with ZL. deco-
rata it is found in both large and small forests, and at no very great
elevation, Neither species is rare.
233. *EUTtHALIA (Nora ?) LAVERNA, Butler.
Hagen. Grose Smith. The male is figured in colours by Mr.
Distant from Malacca, the female in black and white from Penang. We
have been unable to recognise it from Sumatra. Distant’s figure of the
male has much more the appearance of a female than of the opposite sex.
The Bornean form I have named F. (Nora) lavernalis.
234. PYRAMEIS CARDUL, Linnaeus.
Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith. Semper. This cosmopolitan
butterfly occurs only on the grassy plains of the Central Plateau, often
in large numbers. Dr. Martin only once met with a specimen in the
plains near Toentoengan in June, 1888, where it might have been car-
ried by one of the sudden storms known locally as “‘Sumatrans.” The
late Herr Honrath, to whom Dr. Martin sent spccimens of this species in
a letter, at a meeting of the Berlin Entomological Society drew atten-
tion to the conspicuously small size, the much darker than normal
coloration of the upperside of the hindwing, and the unusually large
white triangular spot present on the underside of the hindwing of
the Sumatran form.
235. *PYRAMEIS SAMANI, Hagen.
P. samani, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 359. (1894).
Dr. Hagen described this species from a single torn example
Je ie On
428 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. (No. 3,
obtained in the Karo hills. It is near to P. dejeantii, Godart, from Java.
Dr. Martin has seen the specimen, which seems to represent a very
good though rare species, as his Battak colleetors never suceeeded in
capturing it. It will probably be found more plentifully when the
mountains of the Gayoe- and Allas-lands are explored.
236. VANESSA BATTAKANA, de Nieéville, n, sp.
Hasirat: N.-E. Sumatra.
EXpanse: g, 2°53; 9, 26 inches.
DESCRIPTION: Mave and FEMALE. Nearest to V. perakana, Distant,
from the Malay Peninsula, from which it may be known by the diseal
blue band on the uprersipe of the hindwing being mnch broader, m-
vading the discoidal cell; mm the type of V. perakana, now before me,
which is a female, it is much narrower, not nearly extending to the cell.
The Javan agrees with the Perak species in this feature.
Oecurs on the Central Plateau and the high mountains which
surround it in May and Deeember, but is very rare, as Dr. Martin has
not obtained more than eight or ten specimens during his residenee in
Sumatra. Dr. Hagen has recently caught it in South Sumatra on
Mount Kaba, 5,200 fect, a volcano near Mount Dempo, which is also a
volcano.
237. SyYMBRENTIIA HIPPOCLUS, Cramer.
Hagen as hyppoclus [sic]. Staudinger as hyppoclus [sic].
238. SyYMBRENTHIA COTANDA, Moore.
Hagen as hypselis, Godardt [sie]. Standinger as kypselis. I consi-
der that the trac 9. hypselis, Godart, is confined to Java; the Indian,
Burmese, Malayan Peninsnla and Snmatran form being S. cotanda,
Moore=8. sinis, de Nieéville, Jonrn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi,
p. 357, n. 10, pl. F, fig. 9, male (1891). .
239. SYMBRENTHIA HYPATIA, Wallace.
S. hypatia, Fruhstorfer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. lv, p. 125, pl. iii, fig. 4, male (1894).
Hagen. Distant has figured this spceies from Perak, and Fruhstor-
fer from W. Java, both from males, but neither figure is good. The three
Sumatran species of Symbrenthia are fairly common on snitable spots,
and are thns distributed :—S. hippoclus, Cramer, occurs nearest to the
sea, but extends over the whole of our area up to the Central Plateau.
S. cotandc, Moore, first appears south of Namoe Ockor, Dr. Martin took
his first specimen near Kampong Singhapura. S. hypatia is first met
with at the elevation of Bekantschan ; both the last-named species extend
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 429
to the Central Plateau, They like low and small forest, or open places
in large forest, and settle on roads and also on the leaves of shrubs and
low-growing plants with open wings. Dr. Martin has bred ©. hippoclus
on the Rameh plant (Urticacez); the larve live socially, five or six
together, in a single leaf with its edges joined by silk strands so as to
make a shelter. The pupæ are somewhat similar to those of Vanessa
urtica, Linnæus, the Small Tortoishell Butterfly” of Europe, and lke
the species of Vanessa and Pyrameis the newly-emerged butterfly emits a
pigmented fluid of a red colour. The larve are common in Novem-
ber and December, the butterflies are very plentiful during the first
months of the year, but all the remaining months of the year they
are only seen sporadically and rarely. It appears possible that
S. hippoclus is single-brooded, and that some surviving examples live
throughout the year and propagate the species the next season. The
second (white) form of female which occurs in Java is not found in
Sumatra. All the species of Syizbrenthia are on the upperside of the
Wings very similar to the small yellow species of Neptis, which they
may perhaps mimic when at rest, but their flight is totaily different,
being exceSsively rapid, so that it is almost impossible te follow them
with the eye.
240. RHINOPALPA POLYNICE, Cramer,
Hagen. Semper as polinice [sic]. Kirby. Staudinger. This
species was described and figured by Cramer from a male from the west
coast of Sumatra. R. falra, Felder, described from Malacca, is an
absolute synonym, specimens from Assam, Burma, and the Malay Pen-
insula being indistinguishable from Sumatran ones. The Javan species,
R. elpinice, Felder, is quite distinct. R. polynice is found only in large
forest, and occurs all over our area except in the higher mountains and
on the Central Plateau. The males are fond of fæces on forest roads;
the females are very rare and seldom seen in collections. Perhaps they
escape capture by their coloration being very different from that of the
males, as on the wing the female closely resembles a common Cirrhochroa.
941. CYRESTIS NIVALIS, Felder.
C. nivea, Zinken-Sommer, var. interrupta, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxiii,
p. 217 (1890).
Grose Smith as nivea. Snellen as recaranus, Westwood ( = nirea,
Zinken-Sommer, teste Snellen), and as nivea, var. interrupta. Hagen
as nivea. Staudinger as nirea var. nivalis, and nivalis. C. nivalis is a
good species, and is found commonly in Burma, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra and Borneo, and differs from O. nivea, Zinken-Sommer, from
430 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,
Java “In not having a continuous fuscous [costal] margin to the fore-
wing on the upperside, and in the greater amount of ochraceous colora-
tion near the anal angle of the hindwing on the upperside.” (Distant).
Found in Sumatra from near the sea to Soengei Batoe on forest roads,
where it settles with wide-spread wings on moist places and by the side
of small pools; if pursued it settles on the underside of leaves by the
roadside. On the wing when flying rapidly along a forest road in search
of moisture it may easily be taken for a pierine butterfly. All the
butterflies of this genus in India are well named “The Map” from
their characteristic markings and coloration. :
242. Crrestis IRMÆ, Forbes.
C. irmæ, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885).
C. mænalis, var. sumatrensis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 133 (1886).
Forbes. Staudinger as mænalis, var. sumatrensis. Semper as
mænalis. I have redescribed this species in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist.
Soc., vol. vi, p. 358, n. 11 (1891). It occurs in the hills of Perak
in the Malay Peninsula at 3-4,000 fect elevation. C. mænalis, Erichson,
is a distinct species, and is found in the Philippine Isles. From the
point where C. nivalis, Felder, no longer occurs, at Soengei Batoe
and on the higher mountains and the Central Plateau, this beautiful
and very distinet species is found commonly throughout the year. It is
somewhat smaller than C. nivalis. The Battak collectors report that
it comes down to the small hill streams in crowds with numerous
Pierinæ to suck up the moisture.
243, CYRESTIS PERIANDER, Fabricius.
Grose Smith. Standinger. This beautiful species occurs only
on the western boundary of our arca at higher elevations. Herr M. Ude,
the Enropean collector of Dr. H. Dohrn, took some thirty specimens
near Bohorok in May, 1894. Dr. Martin obtained his first specimens
from Kepras in January, 1895, and also a single example, perhaps a
straggler to the south-east, from the Karo mountains in December, 189-4.
Dr. Martin has caught it himself on the Penang Hill, or “ The Crag.”
O44, Cyrestis THERESE, de Nicéville.
C. theresw, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 5S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 18, n. 14, pl. v,
fig. S, male (1894).
Dr. Martin obtained a single specimen in May, 1893, from the
forest near Selesseh, caught by a very clever and intelligent Chinese
collector. Mr. de Nicéville recognised it at once as a species new to
science, and at Dr. Martin’s request named it in honour of H. R. H.
Princess Therese of Bavaria, who is well-known by her valuable
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 431
works as a scientific traveller. As Dr. Martin almost simultaneously
received a large consigument of butterflies from 8.-E. Borneo (Band-
jermasin), and amongst them a considerable number of this species,
we were surprised to find that it had not already been described from
that island. It is probable that it previously stood in collections as
the really very distinct C. lutea, Zinken-Sommer. The late Pro-
fessor Westwood appears to have been of opinion that the yellow male
of C. lutea has a white female. I have never seen a female of that
species, though the male is excessively common. Even Dr. Staudinger
has no female in his unrivalled collection so he writes to me. C. theresx
stands in his collection under the MS. name of C. thyonneoides, from
Borneo.
245. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) RAHRIA, Moore.
Hagen as rahria, Westwood [sic]. Staudinger as rahria, Westwood
[sic]. A common species in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Nias,
Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. The name rahria is a MS. one of
Westwood’s; as Moore figured it (though he did not describe it), the
species is properly Moore’s.
246. Cyrresris (Chersonesia) INTERMEDIA, Martin.
C. intermedia, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,
pt. 2, p- 4, n. 5 (1895).
247. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) PERAKA, Distaut.
Always a rare species, I possess specimens from the Daunat Range,
Tenasserim, Burma; Perak in the Malay Peninsula; and Bekantschan
and the Battak mountains of Sumatra taken in July and October. Dr.
Martin has specimens from Java.
248. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) NICEVILLEI, Martin.
C. nicévillei, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,
pt. 2, p. 4, n. 6 (1895).
Rare, occurs ouly in the Battak mountains in May and July. It is
a very distinct species, the coloration of the upperside is of a very rich
and deep orange, and the fourth pair of black lines counting from the
base of the wing on the upperside of the forewing is twice broken, a
unique character in the subgenus.
249. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) CYANEE, de Nicéville.
C. (Chersonesia) cyanee, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p. 49, n. 8, pl. L, figs. 6, male; 7, female (1893).
A local race of O. risa, Doubleday and Hewitson, found from
432 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Kumaon to Assam and in Burma, also recorded from Java. Dr. Martin
in “Einige neue Tagselimetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,” pt. 2, p. 7,
(1895), reeords C. cyanee from Burma, but probably in error, as far as
I know it is confined to N.-E. Sumatra. All the species of Chersonesia
in Sumatra oeeur only in forests, and unlike true Cyrestes never go to
roads or moist places, but keep to low bushes and rest on the underside
of the leaves, They fly weakly and are easily eaptured. Nearest to
the sea, plentiful near Laboean, appears C. rahria, Moore. Higher up,
from Namoe Oekor to Bekantschan, occurs the small C. peraka, Distant,
From Bekantsehan to the Central Plateau fly O. cyanee and O. nicévillet,
Martin. C. intermedia, Martin, is confined to the North-Western limits
of our area, as all the specimens were obtained from the Gayoe eol-
lectors. C.rahria and C. cyanee are the common speeies, O. peraka
and C. intermedia are very rare, and the most beautiful and distinct
C. nicévillei is the rarest of all.
950. KALLIMA BUxTONI, Moore.
Snellen as paralecta. Hagen as paralecta. Both sexes of this
speeies were originally described from Sumatra; it occurs also in the
Malay Peninsula at Perak and Sungei Ujong, and again in Borneo.
The apex of the forewing in the female is not produeed into a long
point in this species as it is in many others. I was ineorreet in stating
in the Gazetteer of Sikhim, p. 146, n. 226 (1894) that the Sumatran
Kallima like the Javan K. paralecta, Horsfield, has a yellow-banded male
and a bluish-white-banded female, both sexes being alike in this parti-
cular. When writing the paragraph in question, I had yellow males
and bluish-white females only from Sumatra, so eame to the perhaps
natural conclusion that the phenomenon which is unique in the Javan
oceurs also in the Sumatran species. Since then I have obtained both
sexes of both the Sumatran species of Kallima, and find that the
opposite sexcs of each are alike. K. buxtona is always a rare insect in
Deli, occurring from Selesseh to Bekantschan. It is very fond of
imbibing the sap from wounded trees. The Malay and Javan eollectors
call it “Koepoe Bandera, the Flag Butterfly,” as its red and blue
colours resemble the same colours in the Dutch tricolour.
951, KALLIMA SPIRIDIVA, Grose Smith.
K. spiridiva, Grose Smith, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885); K. spiridion,
Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Ex., pl. Kallima i, figs. 1, 2, male (1892).
Grose Smith. Femaue differs from the male only in the hindwing
on the upperside being paler, more brown; and in the forewing having
the apex produced into a somewhat short point, half the length of that
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 433
found in the female of K. knyvettii, de Nicéville, from Bhutan, which is
a closely allied species. Occurs at higher elevations than K. buxtoni,
Moore, from Bekantschan to the mountains which surround the Central
Plateau in April and July; is also rarer than the yellow species. Both
are found only in large forest.
252. DoOLESCHALLIA PRATIPA, Felder.
Snellen as bisaltide. Hagen as bisaltide and pratipa. Distant
doubtfully from Sumatra as bisaltide. The Sumatran form agrees
exactly with the one from the Malay Peninsula which has been des-
eribed by Felder as D. pratipa. Whether it should be known by the
older names of D. bisaltide or D. polibete, both of Cramer, I am not
prepared to say, as several of the species of this genus are so variable
that to define their limits seems the more difficult the greater number
of specimens one obtains, more especially as the variations do not appear
to be confined to geographical areas. The female of the Sumatran form
agrees very fairly with Cramer’s figures C and D of pl. cii of. Pap.
Ex., which also appears to have been taken from a female, and is named
“ Papilio” bisaltide from “ Surinam,” a probable lapsus calami for
Sumatra. But I have no specimen agreeing exactly with that figure.
The Himalayan, Assamese, Burman, South Indian, Ceylonese, Anda-
manese and Nicobarese form is fairly constant, and is usually identified
as D. polibete, originally described from Amboina. Hagen records two
species of the genus from Sumatra, but this is almost certainly incorrect.
D. pratipa in Sumatra flies from near the sea to the elevation of
Bekantschan, but not higher, and is found in forests and also near
houses which are surrounded by fruit trees and small jungle. The
females are much rarer than the males. The latter are especially partial
to settling on old weod, and are commonly found resting on or flying round
wooden bridges on forest roads. Dr. Martin has frequently noticed
them resting on wooden bullock carts left on jungle roads, to which they
return again and again if disturbed. Dr. Hagen bred it at Laboean,
the larva feeding on the Jack-tree ( Artocarpus integrifolia, Linnæus).
253. CHARAXES (Hulepis) DELPHIS, Doubleday.
Hagen. Kirby as concha. The C. concha of Vollenhoven was des-
eribed from Padang, Sumatra, and is a synonym of this species. Next
to O. kadenii, Felder, this is the most beautiful species of Charazes
found in Sumatra. It occurs from near the sea to the elevation of Be-
kantschan, but not higher. Though it is met with everywhere over a large
area it is never as plentiful as are O. dolon, Westwood, and C. eudamitppus,
Doubleday, in Sikhim in the beds of streams in the spring. As the
434 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Gayoe collectors brought this species in some.numbers, it may perhaps
be less rare in the north of Sumatra. No female has been obtained.
The male is fond of fæces on forest roads; also small pools and moist
places on roads, especially if there are any Pierinæ assembled to suck
up the moisture, with whom the big Charazes always associates, In such
spots will be found sitting in the hottest sun perhaps half a hundred or
more Cafopsilias and Appias hippo, Cramer, and amongst them one
Charaxes delphis, numbers of similarly-coloured butterflies evidently
affording mutual protection. Dr. Martin’s Javan collector Saki in conse-
quence of this characteristic used to call C. delphis the “ Koepoe Raja,”
because it sat amongst the Prerinæ like a Raja surrounded by his
followers. C. delphis is not restricted only to big jungle, but is found on
roads far from the forest, if only there arc assembled the protecting
Pierine, Dr. Martin notes that in 1886 he gave up collecting for
some time, till in August, 1887, when on his way to pay a medical
visit at the Kloempang Estate, he saw at five o’clock in the evening a
fine specimen of C. delphis, which was seeking a comfortable night’s
lodging under the roof of a tobacco shed. As Dr. Martin was on
horseback he conld not catch the butterfly, but on shewing it toa
passing Chinese coolic this man was so clever as to kill it without any
damage by throwing a picce of wood at it. Dr. Martin took it home in
his note bock, and from that day commenced a new collection on pins,
which is now in the Royal Museum at Munich, and of course includes
this specimen which instigated his commencing to re-collect, and to
which may also be due the production of this paper.
254. *Craraxes (Mulepis) SCHREIBERI, Godart.
Dr. Hagen informed Dr. Martin that he obtained this rare species
from his Gayoe collectors. It would appear that the north-western
boundary of our area is the head-quarters of the genus in Sumatra,
as the Gayoes always brought in three or four times as many speci-
mens of Charaxes as the Battaks did. C. schreiberi probably does occur
in Sumatra, as it is certainly found in the Malay Peninsula, Java and
Borneo. It is singular, however, that Dr, Hagen should have omitted
it from both his papers. Dr. Martin picked up from the ground two
forewings without body of this species in Fort Canning in the middle
of Singapore. It is most remarkable how frequently the only record
we have of this species is from single wings picked up in a similar way.
It would secm to be that O. schreiberi is greatly persecuted by birds.
255. Cuaraxes (Hulepis) Kapentt, Felder.
Dr. Wallace obtained the first known specimen of O., kadenw in
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 435
Western Java at a high elevation in 1861, and very appropriately called
it “ The Calliper Butterfly,” since when only very few specimens have
reached Europe. In 1889 Dr. Martin found only one old and worn
specimen in all the larger German collections when visited by him,
which specimen is now in the Berlin Museum. The first in Sumatra
was obtained from the Central Plateau in 1892, where alone it is
found, and although Dr. Martin offered a special bonus of a dollar for
every further specimen, only seven in all were brought in. Nearly all
were captured on the feces of Karbouw buffaloes, deposited on the
sandy river banks where the buffaloes used to drink, Herr H.
Fruhstorfer was sent to Java by the late Herr Honrath to collect
Rhopalocera, but with special instructions to look out for O. kadeniz,
but he was not successful in getting it. Since then a retired non-
commissioned officer of the Dutch Indian Army settled in Java, Heer
C. E. Prillwitz, has captured eight specimens in Preanger.
256. CHARAXES (Hulepis) ATHAMAS, Drury.
Snellen. Hagen as athamas and samatha. Mr. Moore described
O. samatha from Tenasserim, and afterwards recorded and figured it from
Ceylon. It isa synonym of O. athamas, which latter is without doubt
the commonest of all the Charawes in Deli, occurring from near the sea to
Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe; females are very rare. The males are
very fond of moist places and fæces, to which they will always return
after being disturbed ; when frightened they retire temporarily to the
leaves of the higher trees well out of reach, and settle with folded wings.
On the wing they are not easily differentiated from the Pierinæ, only
their flight is very much stronger and more rapid.
257. CHARAXES (Hulepis) HEBE, Butler.
Grose Smith. Butler. Staudinger. Kirby. Distant. Originally
described from Sumatra.
258. Cuaraxes (Hulepis) moor, Distant.
Hagen.
259. CHARAXES (Hulepis) satysus, Felder,
We have here to do with three very difficult species, or perhaps we
may say two, as C. jalysus appears to be fairly constant, though I am
not at all sure that it will not hereafter be found to gradually merge
into the two previously-named species. O. jalysus has the greenish-white
areas of both wings on both sides the largest of the three. C. moort
appears to be best distinguished from O. hebe by having the inner
J. 1. 55
436 L. de Nieéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
edge of the broad outer black margin to the forewing on the upperside
straight and even, ending sharply on the inner margin of the wing at
some distance from the inner angle, in C. hebe the inner edge of the
band is much waved, it does not end sharply on the inner margin, and
it often ends at the anal angle instead of extending along the inner
margin for some distanee as it always does in C. moort, The width of
the outer black border to the hindwing on the upperside is very vari-
able, but it appears to be usually broader and better defined in C. moort
than in C. hebe, in which latter species it is sometimes redueed to a double
series of blaek spots (as in Butler’s figure) being the remnants of ineom-
plete ocelli. The width and extent of the greenish-white areas on the
underside are exeessively variable in the two speeies, and as far as I ean
judge from my large series of specimens from the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, present no specific characters. Herr Röber
in Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 290, and vol. xxi, p. 63 (1894-95), has
been at the pains to dcfine the athamas, hebe, and galysus groups of
Charaxes, and describes many new speeies, with which we have to
deal with C. heracles, Röber, from Borneo (in his first paper), and
from Borneo and Deli in Sumatra (in his second paper), supposed to
be a loeal raee of C. moort; and C. albanus, Rober, from Deli, Sumatra,
snpposed to be a local race of C. hebe. These two species have been
deseribed from most inadequate material, and are in my opinion ab-
solute synonyms of C. moort and C. hebe respeetively. Considering
the many bad spceies that have been ereated in the C. athamas group,
it is extraotdinary that Herr Röber should have evolved a similar
chaos in the C. hebe group. In the C. athamas group he deseribes
from single female examples O. fruhstorferi from South Java, and
C. phrivus, also from Java, while admitting that he has never seen the
female of the most common of all the speeies of the group, O. athamas,
Drury. In his first paper he puts C. hebe and C. moort in one group,
in his seeond paper he makes two groups of them. In his first paper
he gives O. hebe from Sumatra, in his second he gives the Sumatran
form of C. hebe a new specifie name, thongh the species was originally
described from Sumatra, and names the Javan form of CO. hebe—C. java-
nus. Mr. Frulstorfer in Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 197 (1895) has de-
seribed still another Charaxes from Noith Borneo of the moort group,
whieh he has named C, sandakanus.
The three foregoing species are all mueh rarer than C. athamas,
but are quite similar in their habits. C. hebe and O. moort occur at
lower elevatious tu the Battak mountains from Selesseh to Bekantsehan,
whereas C. jalysus was mostly captured by the Gayoe collectors in the
forests west of Langkat leading to their country. We have seen no
females of either of these species.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 437
` 260. CHARAXES ECHO, Butler,
Originally described from Singapore, recorded from Borneo by
Druce. It is one of the rarest insects in our area, as two specimens
only have been captured, both in high forest near Selesseh. It is
smaller and darker than the allied O. fabius, Fabricius, of India and
Burma.
261. CHARAXES (Haridra) BORNEENSIS, Butler.
Grose Smith. Distant. Like O. delphis, Doubleday, and O. galysas,
Felder, except a few specimens from the Battak mountains, has only
been captured in the forests west and north of Selesseh, by the Gayoes
while collecting gutta percha. Dr. Martin possesses one specimen
taken in Asahan in 1891, We have not seen its female.
262. CHARAXES (Haridra) DURNFORDI, Distant.
This species was originally described from Sungei Ujong in the
Malay Peninsula from a single male. An allied species is O. nicholit,
Grose Smith, described from Burma, and figured in Rhopalocera
Exotica, vol. i, pl. Charazes ii, figs. 1, 2, male (1887). I possess a
single specimen of this very rare species caught by Colonel C. T.
Bingham in October, in the bed of the Kaukareit stream at the foot
of the Daunat Range, Tenasserim, which differs from the figure of
O. nicholit in its larger size, the ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing
larger, within which from the costal nervure to the first median
nervule is a waved black line, anteriorly prominent, posteriorly be-
coming obsolete. C. durnfordi is very rare in Sumatra, rarer even
than O. kadenii, Felder, as Dr. Martin obtained only five specimens.
Occurs in heavy forest on the lower ranges and outer spurs of the
Battak mountains, where Dr. Martin in 1888 captured his first male
specimen at Roemah Kenangkong, now in the royal collection at
Munich. Dr. Hagen took a male in J891, at Bandar Quala in Serdang.
In 1892 Dr. Martin received a female from a Battak collector, which is
larger and duller coloured than the male, the whitish-violet markings
on the upperside of the hindwing of greater extent, and the tails
longer.
263. CuHaraxes (Haridra) HARPAX, Felder.
Hagen. Snellen as polywena. Moore. It was originally described
without habitat; and has been recorded from Lower Burma, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. ©. polyxena, Cramer, was
described from a male from China, and is the oldest name of all the
tawny group of Charares. O. harpax is found in Sumatra from the
438 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
sea (Paya Bakong) to Bekantschan. It occurs in every forest, where it
is especially partial to fæces and moist spots. It is a very variable
insect as regards the extent of the black coloration on the upperside of
the forewing, and the colouring of both wings on the underside.
Some of our specimens agree very well with Mr. Moore’s figures of
C. corax, Felder, in Lep. Ind., vol. ii, pl. clxxv (1895). This species
is restricted by Mr. Moore to Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam and Burma.
Other specimens agree very closely with the figures of C. hierax, Felder,
given on the next plate of Mr. Moore’s work above mentioned, and re-
corded by him from Assam only. Of the three names, harpaz, corax, and
hierax, the last is the oldest. It is more than probable, however, that
the species will hereafter stand as C. baya, Moore, originally described
from Java, which is still older, and with the description of which (it has
never been figured) some of our specimens agree very closely. The
females are very rare; Dr. Martin possesses two only. The tails are
much longer than in the male, and somewhat spoon-shaped, one specimen
in Dr. Martin’s collection has two tails, one each at the terminations
of the first and third median nervules.
264. Caraxes (Haridra) aristocrton, Felder.
Originally described without locality, but found in the eastern
Himalayas, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. Our
specimens agrce better with Mr. Moore’s figures of O. desa, Moore,
Lep. Ind., pl. elsxii, from Lower Burma, but I am not prepared to
admit that species to be distinct from C. aristogiton. Occurs only
at the higher clevations, from Bekantschan to the Central Plateau,
is not very common, and is not atall variable as is O. harpaw, Felder. The
underside of both wings is of a richer and darker red than in specimens
from Sikhim. No female has been obtained.
265. Cuaraxes (Haridra) pistanti, Honrath.
Originally described from Perak and Sarawak (Borneo). It is
perhaps a local race of O. marmazx, Westwood, from the eastern Hima-
layas, Assam and Burma, but may be instantly known from it by the
basal half of the costa of the forewing on the underside being pure
snow-white instead of concolorous with the rest of the wing. Occurs
in Middle Tenasscrim of Lower Burma, and in Sumatra in the forests of
the plains, at Paya Bakong and at Selesseh, perhaps not higher than
Namoc Ockor. Itis a rare species, and we have not seen its female.
266. ProtHoe catyponta, Hewitson.
Originally described from Malacca. Two local races of this splendid
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 439
butterfly have recently been defined, P. belisama, Crowley, from Tonghou,
Central Burma, and P. chrysodonia, Staudinger, from Davao, S.-H.
Mindanao, inthe Philippine Isles. In Sumatra P. calydonia is found
only in forest from Selesseh to Bekantschan and higher, and is rare as it
always is everywhere. Dr. Martin took his first specimen, the first
known from Sumatra, in October, 1888, near Kampong Roemah
Kenangkong on a wounded tree where it was sucking up the juice.
Since then he has obtained eight other specimens. As above mentioned
(p. 420, n. 202), there may be found over a large area of forest only one
pair of this strong-winged butterfly, which likes to keep to the higher
trees, quite out of the reach of the net, but is fond of fæces and strong
smelling things such as carrion, to which itis often attracted and caught.
From Wallace’s account of the capture of the type specimen of the species
at Ayer-panas in Malacca it is known how closely this insect keeps to one
place, even to the same tree. It was on the fourth day, after having
missed it the three previous days, and on the very same tree, that
Dr. Fried] Martin caught his first specimen at Aer Kesoengei in Asahan.
P. calydonia settles with the head downwards on tree trunks, and
makes while feeding the same rotating movements of the hindwings as
is done by many Lyccenide.
267. PROTHOE ANGELICA, Butler.
Grose Smith as franckii. Hagen as frankii [sic], Godardt [sic].
Wallace as franckii. Distant. Semper. The true P. franckii, Godart,
is confined to Java. Occurs in Sumatra in the same localities and
elevations as P. calydonia, Hewitson, but is not so rare; settles also on
tree trunks with its head downwards.
Family LEMONIID Ai.
Subfamily Lipytuaina.
268. LIBYTHEA MYRRHA, Godart.
Hagen as myrrha, Godardt [sic]. Found in forest from Selesseh
to Soengei Batoe, and is not very common. It is fond of settling with
folded wings on wet sand on the banks of small streams.
269. LIBYTHEA NARINA, Godart.
The L. rohini of Marshall is a syronym of this species. Occurs in
Sumatra near to the sea, as Dr. Martin obtained his first specimen near
Kamborg-house between the Saentis and Mabar Estates in May, 1890.
Found also at Selesseh, but does not extend higher than Namoe Oekor,
and is very rare.
440 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Subfamily Nemgosuna.
270. ZEMEROS ALBIPUNCTATA, Butler.
Hagen as flegyas. Staudinger. Distant.
271. ZEMEROS EMESOIDES, Felder.
Hewitson. Grose Smith as Temeros [sic] emesoides. Both species
of Zemeros are found chiefly in forests on the flowers or red fruits of
some shrub of medium height, on which they feed. They rest with half
open wings. Both species are very delicate, and it is almost impossible
to obtain a perfect example of either for the cabinet. Z. albipunctata,
Butler, is much the commoner, and is spread over the whole of our area;
whereas Z. emesoides is much rarer, does not occur near the sea, and is
found from Selesseh to Bekantschan.
272. STIBOGES NYMPHIDIA, Butler.
Hagen. Found only on the Central Plateau, and is rare even there,
as in all Dr. Martin has only obtained six specimens in thirteen years.
273. TAXILA THUISTO, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Hagen. Grose Smith. Distant, Rare in Deli, occurs
in forests only from Selesseh to Bekantschan.
274. TAXILA HAQUINUS, Fabricius.
Hagen. Staudinger. Hewitson as drupadi. The “ Emesis” dru-
padi of Horsfield, described from Java, is a synonym of this species.
Very common in the forests of the plains, abonuded in April and May,
1894, near Selesseh. Both the species of Tavila are fond of the same
shrub frequented by the two species of Zemeros.
275. Laxita DAMAJANTI, Felder.
Snellen. Staudinger as tanita. For remarks on L. tanita, Hewit-
son, sec de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 22 (1894). It
appears that Staudinger’s tanita = damajanti.
276. LAXITA LYCLENE, de Nicéville.
L. lyclene, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 21, n. 17, pl. ii, fig. 10,
male (1894).
Hewitson as felesia. Hagen as felesia. Grose Smith as telesia.
Staudinger as felesta. Kirby as telesia. Distant as telesia. This is a
local race of T. felesia, Hewitson, from Borneo.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 441
277. LaxiraforeHna, Boisduval.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. All the species of Lawita are of weak
flight, and found in forests only. Owing to their very delicate structure
and colours, perfect specimens are very scarce. J. lyclene,de Nicéville,
is the commonest, and occurs in the plains, very plentiful near Selesseh
together with T. haquinus, Fabricius. L. damajanti, Felder, is less
common from Namoe Oekor to Bekantschan. L. orphna is decidedly
rare, and is found from Bekantschan to the Central Plateau.
278. ABISARA SAVITRI, Felder,
Hewitson as susa and savitri. Hagen. Grose Smith as susa.
Staudinger. The “Sospita” susa of Hewitson is a synonym of this species,
and is so given by Hewitson himself.
279. ABISARA AITA, de Nicéville.
A. dita, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 49, n. 9, pl. L,
fig. 10, male (1893).
Hasirat: N.-H. Sumatra.
ExpansE: 92, 2°15 inches.
Descrtprion: FEMALE, differs from the male in being slightly larger,
the ground-colour of the UPPERSIDE of both wings is dull ferruginons in-
stead of dull hair-brown, the two discal bands of the forewing are wider
and more prominent, and the white area of the hindwing is rather
larger. Unprrsipu shews the same differences as are found on the
upperside.
The two species of Abisara with tails are rare, and are some-
what stronger on the wing than the other species of the subfamily.
A, savitri, Felder, belongs to the forests of the alluvial plain, whereas
A. aita is only found at high elevations, from Soengei Batoe to the
Central Plateau. Dr. Martin first received the latter from his Battak
collectors in July, 1893.
980. ABISARA KAUSAMBI, Felder.
Hewitson. Hagen as echerius, var. kausambi. Butler as Albisara
[sic] kausambi. Distant. A distinct species, the male of which has
two pale bands crossing the dise of the forewing on the upperside,
the outer of which is anteriorly developed into a somewhat broad
whitish fascia. The hindwing on the upperside shews two apical
and two anal black spots. It was originally described from the Malay
Peninsula ; I possess specimens from Perak, Jelebu and Singapore, also
in the Malay Peninsula, and from Sumatra and Borneo.
442 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
281. ABISARA KAUSAMBIOIDES, de Nicéville, n. sp.
A. kausambi, Distant (nec Felder), Rhop. Malay., p. 189, n. 2, pl. xviii, fig. 10,
male (1883).
Hasitat: Penang and Perak in the Malay Peninsula, N.-E. Suma-
tra, Nias.
Expanse: g, 1:8 to 1°9 inches.
Description: MALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings rich dark prune-coloured,
beautifully glossed with dark purple in some lights, much more so than in
either sex of A. kausambi, Felder; without markings. UNDERSIDE,
both wings of the same rich prune-colour as on the upperside, but with-
out purple reflections. Forewing with the usual pair of discal parallel
narrow pale purplish lines, which widen out somewhat on nearing the
costa ; a narrow submarginal whitish line from the anal angle, becoming
obsolete beyond the middle of the wing. Hindwing with the usual pale
discal band, three apical and twoanal black spots each bearing outward-
ly a fine white line, between these spots in the median interspaces are a
pair of pale lunules, a submarginal narrow dark line, inwardly defined
with a very fine white line.
I have described this species as new with some reluctance, as
the butterflies of this group of the genus Abisara are obviously very
variable, these variations being apparently not confined in some cases
to geographical areas, so that the numerous names which have already
been given to many of these varietal forms are by no means easy to
allocate. There are, however, obviously two species of Abisara of this
group occurring in the Malay Peninsula and N.-H. Sumatra, the
males of both being easily separable. A. kausambi, Felder, is much
ornamented with whitish bands and black spots on the upperside, while
A. kausambioides is entirely plain and unmarked; the ground-colour
of the latter is also much deeper. The females of the two species
I am nnable to differentiate. Mr. Distant’s figure and description
of the male quoted above evidently applies to the present species, and
do not at all agree with Felder’s description of the male of A. kau-
sambi.* A. kausambioides is perhaps nearest to A. prunosa, Moore, from
Ceylon, but that species has the male normally ornamented with pale
bands and black spots on the upperside. The two non-tailed Abisaras
are not uncommon in N.-E. Sumatra, A. kausambi occurring near the sea
(Loboe Dalam) to Namoe Oekor, while A. kausambioides is found from
Namoe Oekor to Bekantschan. Both are of very delicate structure,
* Seo the last paragraph on p. 324 of Butt. of India, vol. ii. When writing
this I possessed but two male Abisaras of this group from the Malay Peninsula, one
each represents A. kausambi and A. kausambioides: from this small material I did
not dare to describe a new species.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 443
and quickly get rubbed and worn. All the butterflies of the subfamily
keep close to the ground, and rest with half-opened wings.
Family LY CÆNID Æ.
282. Gerypus GIGANTES, de Nicéville.
G. gigantes, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., voi. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 23, n. 19, pl. v,
figs. 1, male; 13, female (1894).
Dr. Martin obtained the type of this species in October, 1892, from
the mountains caught by the Battak collector Si-Ketjap, and later on
Dr. Martin took several specimens himself at Namoe Oekor in August
and November, so this fine and large species probably occurs from the
latter place to the Central Plateau. On the wing it greatly resembles
some species of Pierinæ, and will certainly when flying be always taken
by collectors for an insect of that subfamily. It is found also in Penang,
and is the largest and most distinct species in the genus. More than
half the surface on the upperside in both sexes is pure chalky-white.
283. GERYDUS SYMETHUS, Cramer.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Occurs everywhere from near the sea to
the elevation of Namoe Oekor, even near houses, in orchards, and in
cocoa-nut plantations. It is common every year at Bindjei in November
and December.
284. GERYDUS GALLUS, de Nicéville.
G. gallus, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 25, n. 21, pl. v, fig. 11,
female (1894).
The figure of this species has not been well reproduced, the ochreous
and ferruginous mottlings of the underside not being shewn at all.
The white band on the upperside of the forewing is also shewn too
narrow. It differs from G. symethus, Cramer, in many particulars, but
chiefly in having no whitish colour within the oblique discal white
band on the upperside of the forewing, whereas in G. symethus the
base of the wing up to the discal band is bluish-grey instead of brown,
It is rare near Selesseh, but is more plentiful in the lower hills and
outer spurs of the mountains.
285. GERrYDUS siacsir, Distant.
The G. gopara, de Nicéville, is probably the same species. It is
nearly as common as G. symethus, Cramer, but is found at a higher ele-
vation, from Namoe Oekor to Bekantschau. `
J. u. 56
+44 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. (No. 3,
286. Geryous zinckentt, Felder.
I possess one female example from Sumatra which agrees with
typical Javan specimens of this species. It may be known by the
white area of the forewing on the upperside occupying half the sur-
face, its outer edge straight; in G. symethus, Cramer, and G. gallus,
de Nicéville, the pure white area is much smaller, and is confined to
the disc, not reaching the base of the wing, with its outer edge very
irregular.
287. Gerypus GÆTULUS, de Nicéville.
G. gzetulus, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 24, n. 20, pl. v,
fig. 12, female (1894).
Ou the upperside the forewing is precisely similar to that of
G. zinckenti, Felder, but the hindwing differs in that instead of being
dull fuscous throughout, half the surface is white, with a prominent
fuscous disco-cellular line. On the underside it hardly differs from
G. biggsii, Distant. It is rare, I have seen three females only taken im
July and October near Bekantschan.
288. Gerrypvus BOISDUVALT, Moore.
Very rare, I possess one female only from Sumatra, which is cer-
tainly this species.
289. Geryrpus axsa, de Nicéville.
G. gersa, do Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 26, n. 10, pl. S,
fig. 16, male (1895).
May be known from all the described species in the genus by the
upperside being immaculate in both sexes. The underside is very
similar to that of GŒ. biggsii, Distant. It is found from Bekantschan
to the Central Plateau in January, March and July.
290. *GeRYpUS ZYMNA, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Grose Smith as Miletus zymna. The type of the genus Miletus
is “ Papilio” polycletus, Linnæus, from the Moluccas. Mr. Druce has
monozgraphed the genus in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 179, but
unfortunately uses the name Hypochrysops, Felder, for it, of which
“Thecla” anacletus, Felder, also from the Moluccas, has been fixed
by Mr. Scudder as the type, and which species is congenerie with
Miletus polycletus, I may note here that a female example of M. celis-
parsus, Butler, described from Nias Island, off the west coast of Sumatra,
has been obtained on Penang Hill (“The Crag”) by Mr. A. R. Adams,
and will almost certainly be hereafter obtained in the island of
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 445
Sumatra which lies between Nias and Penang. I may remark also
that I wrote blindly in Butt. of India, vol. iii, p. 21, when I sug-
gested that the genus Miletus belongs to the Gerydus group; at the
time of writing I had seen no specimen of true Miletus. Previous
writers had used Miletus and Gerydus for symethus, Cramer, which led me
astray. “Miletus” zymna would appear to be a true Gerydus, but as
it was described from Ashanti, is not likely to be found also in
Sumatra. The nearest Sumatran species to which it is superficially
allied is C. gxtulus, de Nicéville.
291. PARAGERYDUS HORSFIELDI, Moore.
Grose Smith as horsfeldi [sic]. Hagen. Very common everywhere
over the whole of our area. Very variable in size, some females being
much smaller than the average of males. Also variable in the colora-
tion of the underside, some Sumatran specimens approach very closely
to P. taras, Doherty, from Burma, but none of them have “the apex
[of the forewing so] widely tinged with rufous-brown”’ as in that
species.
292. PABAGERYDUS PANORMIS, Elwes.
Allotinus panormis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 619, pl. xliii, figs. 8,
male; 9, female.
Rare, but occurs at Bekantschan in February, August, September
and November, so probably generation follows generation at short
intervals. May be recognised at once by the apex of both wings
on the underside being greatly infuscated. I have placed it in the
genus Paragerydus rather than Allotinus, as it has the upper discoidal
nervule of the forewing originating well beyond instead of at the apex
of the discoidal cell.
293. PARAGERYDUS PÆTUS, de Nicéville. r
P. pætus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 269, n. 7, pl. O,
fig. 12, male (1895).
A very distinct species from Bekantschan and at higher eleva-
tions. Flies in February, March, and again in November.
294. PARAGERYDUS PORTUNUS, de Nicéville.
P. portunus, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p- 27, pl. v, fig. 14,
male (1894).
‘The very dark colour of the underside will suffice to distinguish
this species; Sumatran specimens are eveu darker than typical ones
from Java, the ground-colour being pale ferruginous instead of pale
ochreous, with dark ferruginous mottlings. Is commoner than the
446 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
preceding species in May and September in the same localities. AH
species of Gerydus and Paragerydus are shade-loving butterflies, and
never venture into the direct rays of the sun. With the exception of
the three common species, Œ. symethus, Cramer, G. biggsit, Distant, and
P. horsfieldi, Moore, they are only found in deep forest, mostly restlessly
flying round the buds of not very high bushes. They are rather
weak on the wing, but disappear immediately in the forest if pur-
sued. Both genera can be instantly distinguished by the structure of
the legs in both sexes, and both possess three or four minute whitish
or ochreous spots on the costa of the forewing on the upperside.
These are very prominent in P. pætus, de Nicéville, and P. horsfieldi,
Moore, less so in P. panormis, Elwes, and just visible only in P. portunus,
de Nicéville.
295. ALLOTINUS NIVALIS, Druce.
Occurs throughout the year in forest near Selesseh, but is
rather rare.
296. ALLOTINUS ALKAMAH, Distant.
Distant. Found from Namoe Ockor to the Central Plateau, but is
always rare. Ido not yet possess specimens of A. subviolaceus, Felder,
from Java, to compare with Burmese, Malayan Peniusula and Sumatran
specimens of A. alkamah. It is I think probable that the latter is only
a synonym of the former.
297. ALLOTINUS APUS, de Nicéville,
A. apus, do Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 27, n. 11, pl. 8,
fig. 17, female (1895).
Two female specimens only have been obtained at Bekantschan in
February, 1894.
298. *ALLoTINUS MAJOR, Felder.
Hagen. Originally described from Celebes. We have not seen any
species from Sumatra agreeing with Felder’s description and figure. It
is probable that Dr. Hagen identified A. apus, de Nicéville, with this
epecies, as superficially they are somewhat similar.
299. LOGANIA MALAYIcA, Distant.
Originally described from Sungei Ujong in the Malay Peninsula.
300. Locana sriwa, Distant.
Originally described from Malacca in the Malay Peninsula.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 447
301. LOGANIA MARMORATA, Moore.
Origivally described from Elphinstone Island in the Mergui
Archipelago of Lower Burma.
302. Logania Luca, de Nicéville.
IL. luca, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 28, n. 24, pl. ii, fig. 13,
female (1894).
Found in Burma (Rangoon, the Daunat Range and Ataran Valley
in Tenasserim), in the Malay Peninsula (Perak), and in Sumatra.
This is the species referred to by Doherty under Logania massalia in
Journ. A. S. B., vol. lx, pt. 2, p. 37, n. 10 (1891), as being undescribed
from Perak. The general colour of the ground on the underside is
brownish-ochreous or pale ferruginous. The figure has been badly re-
produced, as it shews the apex of the forewing far too acute.
303. LOGANIA MASSALIA, Doherty.
Described from Margherita in Upper Assam. I possess specimens
from the Daunat Range in Tenasserim, Burma, from Singapore cap-
tured by Dr. Martin, and from Sumatra and Java. The ground-colour
of the underside is quite different to that of L. luca, de Nicéville, being
white speckled with blackish and ochreous, instead of pale ferruginous.
The males of both these species have a small round white spot in the
middle of the dise of the forewing on the upperside, the hindwing
throughout concolorous with the forewing, both being dull purplish-
fuscous. A list of the known species of the genus will be found in
Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 29 (1894). The Loganias are true
inhabitants of large forest, and fly like Gerydus round the buds of low
bushes, but are decidedly quicker on the wing than they. L. malayica,
Distant, and L. sriwa, Distant, occur all the year round in the forests
of the plains, and do not go much higher than Namoe Oekor. Both
species remind one when flying of a common lycænid, such as Oyaniris
or Catochrysops. L. marmorata, Moore, L. luca, de Nicéville, and
L. massalia are found at higher elevations beginning with Namoe Oekor,
and occur mostly in the first months of the year, J anuary and Febru-
ary. In 1893 and 1894 Dr. Martin caught a pair of L. marmorata
in coitt in January in the forest south of Namoe Oekor. The white
patch on the upperside of the forewing not reaching the base of the
wing will at once separate L. massalia from L. marmorata and D. luca.
304. ZARONA PHARYGOIDES, de Nicéville.
Z. pharygoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. v, p. 208, pl. E
fig. 8, male (1890). ;
The type specimen was from Johore in the Malay Peninsula. Dr.
448 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Martin obtained only two males of this rare species at Bekantschan in
March and May. i
305. PORITIA 8SUMATRÆ, Felder.
Felder. Batler. Grose Smith. Kirby. Distant. Origiually des-
cribed from Sumatra. A very distinct and easily recognised species
which shews but little variation. Occurs in the Battak mountains.
306. PORITIA ERYCINOIDES, Felder.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Felder originally described and figured a
male from Java, Hewitson described and figured the female as P. phra-
atica from Singapore, the latter being black on the upperside marked
with orauge. I have a good series of both sexes from Java, which
agree with Sumatran ones from the Battak mountains.
307. PORITIA PLEURATA, Hewitson.
The type of this species was from Singapore. The male may be
known from P. erycinoides, Felder, by having the apical half of the fore-
wing on the upperside black and unmarked instead of heavily marked
with blue. The female of P. pleurata is marked with blue in some
lights, green in others. Occurs in Sumatra at Bekantschan.
308. PORITIA PROMULA, Hewitson.
Originally described from a female from Java. Dr. Martin possesses
female specimens which agree very well with Hewitson’s figures and
description.
309. PorrtIA PHILOTA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Originally described from
Sumatra, where it occurs at Selesseh and in the Battak mountains. It
is found also at Pahang and Johore in the Malay Peniusula. The
female is unkuown. The male is easily distinguished by the very
dark colour of the underside, Mr. Hewitson calls it “ rufous-brown, un:
dulated throughout with paler colour.” I would describe the ground-
colour as fuscous, the macular bands very close together, dark ferru-
ginous in colour, outwardly defined with black.
310. Portria PLATENI, Staudinger.
` P. plateni, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 104, pl. i, fig. 8, male (1889).
Originally described from two males from Palawan in the
Philippine Isles. It is a most distinct species, all the bands of the
underside present in every Poritia are in this species broken up iuto well-
separated spots, The Poritias in the male sex have perhaps on the
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 449
upperside the most brilliant coloration of all the oriental Lyceenide.
They are forest animals, and appear very early in the day as soon as
the sunu has dried the leaves of the higher bushes or small trees, on
which they settle for the sunny tropical forenoon, leaving their favourite
perch for a high flight from time to time, but always returning to the
same spot. They may be found on the wing before seven o’clock in the
morning, but disappear at noon, after which hour they are never seen.
In Sumatra L. erycinoides, Felder, and L. pleuruta, Hewitson, are found
in the plains, the other species are caught on the outer ranges of the
hills from Namoe Oekor to Soengei Batoe. No species is really common,
though P. sumatræ, Felder, and P. philota, Hewitson, are somewhat less
rare than the others. They fly all the year round, but are more common
from June to August. The females of all the species are very scarce
and are seldom seen in collections. A Battak collector in Dr. Martin’s
service named Similir was particularly clever in getting Poritias, and
obtained nearly all the specimens in Dr. Martin’s collection. He asked
for a pair of forceps to reverse without damage the wings of those
specimens which died “inside out ” as itis often the annoying habit of
many small butterflies to do.
3li. SIMISKINA PHALENA, Hewitson.
8. phalena, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 270, n. 8,
pl. O, fig. 23, female (1895).
Originally described from a male from Singapore; it occurs also
in the Patkoi Hills of Upper Assam (= Massaga hartertii, Doherty),
the Katha District of Upper Burma, and in N.-E. Sumatra, taken at
Toentoengan in the compound of Dr. Martin’s house by Lieut. Ernst
Hartert. I have described and figured the female. Dr. Martin obtained
a second male specimen in May, 1894, from the Battak mountains.
312. SIMISKINA PHARYGE, Hewitson.
8. pharyge, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 861, n. 12,
pl. F, fig. 11, female (1891).
Originally described from a male from Borneo, I figured and des-
eribed the female. It occurs also at Perak and Penang in the Malay
Peninsula; at Renong in Western Siam; and Herr M. Ude, Dr. H.
Dohrn’s collector, obtained a pair at Bohorok in Hastern Sumatra, in
September, 1894.
318. Simiskina pavontca, de Nicéville.
8. pavonica, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Boc., vol. x, p. 28, n. 12, pl. S,
fig. 18, male (1895).
Near to S. pediada, Hewitson, from Mergui in Lower Burma and
from Singapore. Found in the Battak mountains of Sumatra very rarely.
450 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
314. SIMISKINA PROXIMA, de Nicéville.
S. prowima, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. x, p. 29, n. 13, pl. S,
figs. 19, male; 20, female (1895).
Near to S. potina, Hewitson, from Burma and the Malay Peninsula.
A single pair of this species is in Dr. Martin’s collection, the male ob-
tained by Herr Ude at Bohorok in Eastern Sumatra in September.
315. SIMISKINA PROCOTES, de Nicéville.
S. procotes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. z, p. 32, n. 14,
pl. S, fig. 21, female (1895).
Near to S. potina, Hewitson, from Burma and the Malay Peninsula.
Described from a single female taken in July at Bekantschan. The
remarks regarding Poritia given above apply equally well to the genus
Simiskina. With the exception of S. prozima, de Nicéville, of which
Dr. Martin took a female in April, 1890, very near the sea at the
Saentis Estate, all occur in the outer mountains higher than Namoe
Oekor. All the species aro very rare, but appear to occur more fre-
quently from June to August.
316. PıTtuEcors HYLAX, Fabricius.
Snellon as Plebejus [sic] hylax. Hagen. Staudinger. In large
forest, also wherever a small piece of jungle is left in young forest,
will P. hylax be found flying so quickly that the eye of the collector
cannot always follow the little animal. In shadow it is soon lost to
view, but becomes visible again when passing one of the errant sun-
beams of the forest. It prefers low elevations and occurs throughout
the year.
317. Prrnecors MARIÆ, de Nicéville.
P. marix, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 30, n. 26, pl. iv,
figs. 2, male; 9, female (1894).
Occurs from Namoe Oekor to the Central Plateau where P. hylaz,
Fabricius, is no longer found. Dr .Martin obtained the types in Septem-
ber, 1893, from Bekantschan. Itis nearly allied to, but quite distinct
from, P. fulgens, Doherty, from Margherita in Upper Assam, the only
other species in the genus yet known which has the male of a brilliant
blue on the upperside. When flying in the sun it looks like a sapphire
taken to wings.
318. *Pitnecors DIONISIUS, Boisduval.
Grose Smith. This species is, as far as I know, confined to the
Papuan region.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 4.51
319. Una usta, Distant.
Hasirat: Cachar; Myitta and the Daunat Range, Tenasserim,
Burma; the Malay Peninsula ; N.-E. Sumatra.
EXxpanse: 9, °95 of an inch.
DESCRIPTION: FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, forewing with the costa, apex,
and outer margin broadly brown, the posterior half of the discoidal cell
to the inner margin delicate cerulean-blue, which becomes slightly
darker towards the base of the wing. Hindwing brown, with the ex-
ception of a linear spot in the outer half of the discoidal cell, which is
covered with bluish scales. UNDERSIDE, both wings as in the male, only
somewhat paler. Cilia grey-brown. Abdomen on the underside yellowish-
white.
Found in Sumatra at Bekantschan and in the Battak mountains
from whence the unique female described above in Dr. Martin’s collec-
tion was captured in December, 1594, It is never common, but is more
plentiful on the river banks at Soengei Batoe in August and September
than elsewhere.
320. NEOPITHECOPS ZALMORA, Butler.
To the synonyms of this species already given in Butt. India,
vol. iii, p. 53 (Pithecops dharma, Moore ; Parapithecops gaura, Moore;
and Neopithecops horsfieldi, Distant), may now be added Cupido talmora
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 348, n. 4, from Borneo (this
species appears to be a MS. name of Mr. Butler’s which was never
published), and Plebeius lucifer, Röber, Iris, vol. i, p. 61, pl. iv, fig. 5
(1888), from the Aru and Key Isles, of which Herr Rober has kindly
sent me a specimen from Aru. In Sumatra it is found over our whole
area, in the plains (Stabat) and in the mountains (Bekantschan), but
is never as common as P. hylax, Fabricius. The female, says Dr. Mar-
tin, possesses on the upperside of the forewing beyond the discoidal
cella faint blue patch similar to that in the same sex of P. mariæ,
de Nicéville.
321. Spaueis NUBILUS, Moore.
Originally described from the Andaman Isles. It may be known
from the common Indian and Ceylonese 9. epius, Westwood, by the
discal spot on the upperside of the forewing in the male being ochreous
instead of whitish; the female of S. nubilus is marked like the male, in
S. epius the female has the disc of both wings on the upperside more or
less whitish. S. nubilus is also found in Burma, Java, and Borneo. Mr
Moore has incorrectly: recorded S. epius from Mergui, Lower Burma,
the species should be ©. nubilus, which occurs in Burma as far north
J. 11. 57
452 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
as Chittagong. In Sumatra it is very rare, Dr. Martin has only seen
three specimens during his long stay in the island, two taken in October
in the forest near Namoe Oekor, and one in forest near Selesseh in -
January. Perhaps S. nubilus escapes being caught by its small size and
dull coloration, and by its resemblance to the common Paragerydus
horsfieldi, Moore.
322, TARAKA HAMADA, Druce.
Rare, found only at higher elevations south of Bekantschan and
Soengei Batoe.
323. TARAKA MAHANETRA, Doherty.
Originally described from Padang Rangas, Perak, ın the Malay
Peninsula. Excessively rare, and found in Sumatra only in the deepest
forest. Dr. Martin possesses three specimens, a male from near
Selesseh taken in June; and a pair from Bekantschan, the male taken
in September, the female in July.
224. MEGISBA MALAYA, Horsfield.
Snellen as Plebejus [sic] malaya. Hagen. The Sumatran form is
typical, the hindwing being tailed. Itis not common, but is found all
over our area. The males may be captured on small puddles on the
forest roads; the females are very rare, and are only met with singly
in the forest on flowers and shrubs. Found in Namoe Ockor from July
to September.
325. CyYANIRIS AKASA, Horsfield.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Not uncommon in the Battak mountains.
326. Craniris cosszA, de Nicéville.
C. cossæa, do Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 271, n. 9, pl. Q,
figs. 14, male; 15, female (1895).
Occurs at Namoe Oekor commonly,
327. CYANIRIS CoryTHUS, de Nicéville.
C. corythus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 273, n. 10,
pl. O, figs. 16, male; 17, female (1895).
Not rare in the Battak mountains in September and December.
328. CYAXIRIS PUSPA, Horsfield.
Hagen as cagaja [sic]. Snellen as cagaya. Sumatran specimens
have the merest trace of white sprinkling on the uppersiđe of both
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 453
wings in the male, thereby agreeing with O. lambi, Distant, from the
Malay Peninsula and Nias, and C. cayaya, Felder, from the Philippines.
I cannot, however, regard C. lambi as anything but a synonym of
C. puspa, that species being very variable, and in the Himalayas em-
bracing a form inseparable from O. lambi. C. cugaya, Felder, as figured,
has the black bordér to both wings on the upperside somewhat narrower
than in Javan specimens of O. puspa, from whence it was first described.
329. CYANIRIS CARNA, de Nicéville.
O. carna, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. ix, p. 274, n. 11, pl. O,
fig. 18, male (1895).
The rarest of all the Sumatran species of the genus. ‘ The infus-
cation of the costa and apex of the forewing on the underside ” is not
always present, but the other characters given in the description will
suffice to distinguish this species from its allies.
330. Cyanrris MUSINA, Snellen.
©. musina, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Boc., vol. ix, p. 275, n. 12, pl. O,
fig. 19, male (1895).
A very common species in Sumatra. I haye not been able to obtain
typical specimens of this species from Java to compare with Sumatran
example».
331. CYANIRIS PLACIDA, de Nicéville.
Not very common in Sumatra.
332. CyaniRis camMeNæ, de Nicéville.
C. camenz, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. ix, p. 278, n. 14, pl. O,
fig. 22, male (1899).
The commonest species of the genus occurring in Sumatra.
333. CYANIRIS LIMBATUS, Moore.
Also common.
334, CYANIRIS MELÆNA, Doherty.
Originally described from the Tenasserim Valley, Burma. Very
rare in Sumatra, Dr. Martin has obtained two or three specimens only
in the Battak mountains. Of the ten Sumatran species of Cyaniris,
only two occur in the plains, O. cosswa, de Nicéville, and C. puspa,
Horsfield, all the others are found in the monntains at high elevations
from Soengei Batoe to ‘the Central Plateau, and on the Plateau itself.
C. akasa, Horsfield, and O. corythus, de Nicéville, are somewhat scarce,
454 WL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
C. carna, de Nicéville, and O. melæna, Doherty, are very rare, whilst
the four remaining species are very common and brought in by the col-
lectors in large numbers. The males only are caught on wet spots on
roads and onthe sandy banks of small hill streams; the very scarce
females can only be taken in the forest, where they are looking for and
ovipositing on the food-plants of the larve, or feeding on the flowers of
certain Composite.
335. *CYANIRIS HARALDUS, Fabricius.
Grose Smith as Lycenopsis ananga. Distant. Butler. Kirby as
haraldus and ananga. I have never seen this very rare species. Its
record from Sumatra is probably correct, so striking a butterfly is not
likely to have been wrongly identified, The Lycænopsis ananga of Felder
isa synonym of C. haraldus. I think it probable that the genus Lycæ-
nopsis is valid, at any rate the type species is a very different-looking
animal to all the species of Cyaniris known to me.
336. ZIZERA LYSIMON, Hübner.
Hagen as karsandra.
337. ZGiZeRA GAIKA, Trimen.
The rarest species of the genus occurring in Sumatra as elsewhere.
338. ZizEra OTIS, Fabricius.
Snellen as lystzone. Hagen as lysizone. All the three Zizeras fre-
quent only open grassy spots, and are found near houses and on fallow
land. Z. lystmon, Hübner, is very common in the plains, and is nearly
ubiquitous, especially so on the flowers of a wild species of thorny
Spinacia (Amarantus spinosus, Linneus), and on the small yellow flowers
of a very common species of Portulaca. Z. gaika, Trimen (named after
a Zulu chief, so Mr. Trimen informs me) is found in the same localities,
but is very rare; Dr. Martin took it in his garden at Bindjei. Z. otis is
found on the Central Plateau, and near Battak villages in the mountains.
339. AZANUS ASIALIS, de Nicéville.
A. asialis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 33, n. 16, pl. 8,
fig. 22, male (1895).
Described from a single example caught in the Battak mountains
in July, 1894.
340. LYCHNESTHES EMOLUS, Godart.
Hagen as Pseudodypsas [sic] bengalensis.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 455
341. LYCÆNESTHES Lycanina, Felder.
Both species of this genus inhabit the plains, and do not occur at
the higher elevations. They are common in May near Selesseh on
forest roads. L. lycæñina is the rarer of the two species, and Dr. Mar-
tin obtained no female of either.
342. NIPHANDA TESSELLATA, Moore.
HapitaT: Penang, Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: g, 1°5 inches.
Description: Mare. Uppersipe, both wings dark shining purple,
with a narrow anteciliary black thread. Hindwing with a round mar-
ginal black spot in the first median interspace, UNDERSIDE, both wings
marked as in the female, but the ground-colour much darker.
The specimen described above was caught by Dr. Martin in his
fingers on the Penang Hill in December, 1892, resting on a flower. In
Sumatra he has obtained one female at the Saentis Estate, very near the
sea, in April, and a second at Namoe Oekor in August.
343. EVERES ARGIADES, Pallas.
Snellen as parrhasius, Hagen as parrhasius. It has been described
by Herr N. Kheil from Nias as Plebeius polysperchinus. In Sumatra it
is common at low elevations in October and November; as usual the
males on roads, the females on flowers in small jungle. In his valuable
work on the Rhopalocera of Nias Island, Herr Kheil calls Polyommatus
beeticus, Linnecus, the “cardui” of the Lycænidæ, but E. argiades better
deserves that epithet as it has a still greater range, occurring in North
America under a slightly modified form (as F. comyntas, Godart), which
P. beticus does not do. Dr. Martin notes that European specimens of
E, argiades have the spots on the underside of the wings somewhat more
prominent than in Sumatran examples.
344. NacADUBA MACRUPHTHALMA, Felder.
Originally described from Pulo Milu, one of the Nicobar Isles.
345. NacapusBa pavaNna, Horsfield.
Originally described from Java.
346. NAcADUBA KERRIANA, Distant.
Originally described from Malacca and Singapore, occurs also in
Burma.
347. Nacapusa sp.
I possess a single female of a species allied to this group, ie., it
456 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
has the basal area of the forewing on the underside unmarked, while
all the species of Nacaduba enumerated below have an additional basal
striga, while all those above named lack this striga; but as the females
of all of them are known, the present species cannot appertain to any of
them. I refrain from describing it until I have obtained the opposite sex.
348. NACADUBA ATRATA, Horsfield.
Grose Smith. This species =N. prominens, Moore.
349. Nacapusa mERMUS, Felder.
This species = N. viola, Moore, = P, unicolar, Röber, Iris, vol. i,
p. 66, pl. v, fig. 4, male (1888), described from East Celebes, Coram,
and the Key Islands, of which Herr Röber has sent me a male from Ceram.
350. NacapuBA ANCYRA, Felder.
Habitat: Amboina (Felder); East Pegu (Elwes); East and South
Celebes, the Aru Isles, Ceram (Röber); Palawan; Batjan; Celebes ;
Cooktown, N.-E. Australia (Staudinger) ; Philippine Isles (Semper); S.-H.
Borneo, Java, Engano, ? Nicobar Isles (Doherty) ; N.-E. Sumatra; Celebes;
Yamna, near Humboldt’s Bay, North New Guinea (coll. de Nicéville).
Expansz: 9, 12 inches.
Description: Femate. Uprersipe, forewing plumbeous ; with a large
metallic iridescent silvery-blue discal area, which reaches into the
posterior half of the discoidal cell, and occupies the base and inner
margin of the wing. Hindwing plumbeous, but the basal two-thirds
overlaid with blue scales; the vcins defined with black; the outer margin
has a broad black border with its inner edge- lunulated between the veins,
bearing ascries of marginal black spots between the veins, each spot
outwardly defined by a fine anteciliary thread, inwardly by a white
lunule, exccpt the two larger anal spots which are inwardly crowned
with ferruginous ; a very fine black anteciliary thread. UNDERSIDE, both
wings asin the male. Cilia white. Tail black, tipped with white.
Described from a single example from Sumatra. It has all the
appearance ofa female of the genus Catochrysops, to which genus this
species bears a strong superficial resemblance. It has several
synonyms, Nacaduba aberrans, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
p. 626, pl. xliv, fig. 6, male; Plebeius subfestivus, Rober, Iris, vol. i,
p. 64, pl. iv, fig. 33, male (1888); Nacaduba pseutis, Doherty, Journ.
A. S. B. vol. Ix, pt. 2, p. 182 (1891); and Dr. O. Staudinger and
Herr Georg Semper both suggest that the Cupido almora of Druce, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 349, n. 14, pl. xxxii, fig. 7, male, from
Borneo, is also a synonym, which is probably correct, but I cannot
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 457
say for certain, as the upperside is alone figured and that very badly,
while the description of the underside “ Very pale brown, streaked and
mottled with white. Hindwing with two black spots at the anal angle
as above” is quite inadequate to distinguish the species.
851, NŅNACADUBA NANDA, de Nicéville.
N. nanda, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. x, p. 34, n. 16,
pl. S, fig. 23, male (1895).
852. NacapuBA NELIDES, de Nicéville.
N. nelides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 280, n. 16,
pl. O, fig. 24, male (1895).
353. Nacapupa NORHIA, Felder.
Hagen as nora. The Lycena nora, of Felder, from Amboina, has
tails, and almost certainly equals N. ardates, Moore. N. noreia is
typically tailless, and was described from Ceylon from a female. I have
seen the type at Vienna, and it is what I have called the tailless form of
N. ardates. N. noreta occurs typically in Sumatra. What I consider to
be its female, and of which we possess many specimens (all of them to
my eyes are obviously females, though Dr. Martin disputes the fact, as
he says he has taken them sucking up moisture on damp spots on the
roads, a habit quite unknown to female Lycænidæ, being confined to the
males), is very curiously marked on the underside, having the ground-
colour ochreous-yellow or luteous, in both wings with a very prominent
marginal series of black spots, those in the forewing of equal size
throughout, in the hindwing counting from anteriorly backwards the
first and the sixth larger than the rest; within this series of spots is
another submarginal obscure fuscous series; no basal or discal markings
to both wings whatever. Dr. Martin proposes to call this “species ”
Nacaduba lutea, and has described it in a paper published in Munich
entitled “ Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra, pt. 1,
p. l, n. 1 (1895), and I have figured it from a female in Journ. Bomb.
Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, pl. S, fig. 24 (1895). In Sumatra also occurs
typical N. ardates, which is tailed. This I hold to be a dimorphic
form in both sexes of N. noreta. Its female is most variable, some
forms of it from Burma in my collection being marked almost exactly
as in N. lutea, Martin, the basal and discal markings being almost
obliterated. I have not seen any females of true N. ardates with tails
from Sumatra. The Plebeius kupu, Kheil, from Nias = N. ardates, Moore.
354. NACADUBA DANA, de Nicéville.
If the species of Cyaniris are more restricted to higher elevations,
458 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. (No. 3,
the greater number of Nacadubas occur in the plains at low elevations.
From the Central Plateau N. nelides, de Nicéville, alone occurs, while
N. pavana, Horsfield, and N. atrata, Horsfield, are found on the outer
hills. All the other species occur in the plains. N. macrophthalma,
Felder, N. kerriana, Distant, N. nanda, de Nicéville, N. nelides,
de Nicéville, and W. dana are rare, the rest are more or less common.
All Nacadubas are very fond of water, the males are usually captured
sucking up this element on damp spots; the females are rare in all the
species, and never come to water.
350, *NacaDUBA PERUSIA, Felder.
Snellen. Originally described from Amboina. It is quite pro-
bable I think that this species will be found to be a synonym of
N. atrata, Horsfield, which species appears to have been unknown to
Dr. Felder.
356. JAMIDES SIRAHA, Kheil.
Plebeius siraha, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 30, n. 91, pl. v, fig. 35, male (1884).
Snellen as Plebejus [sic] plato. Hagen as bochus. Originally
described from Nias. It is a very distinct species, the male having the
lovely metallic steel-bluc coloration on the upperside of the forewing
reduced to less than half the surface; in J. bechus, Cramer, from
India and Ceylon, that colour occupies more than two-thirds the surface.
J. siraha is figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay., p. 222, n. 1, pl. xxi, figs.
19, male; 16, female (1884), as J. bochus, var., from Province Wellesley.
In Sumatra it is found all over our area, but is rare everywhere.
Dr. Martin has specimens taken in February, April, October and
November, and he caught a male at the door of his hospital at Bindjci
on a flowering creeper (Pharbitis nil, Chois.).
307. LAMPIDES CELENO, Cramer.
Snellen as celeno and agnata. Grose Smith. Hagen as celeno and
malaccanus. This species is better known under the name of L. ælianus,
Fabricius. The L. malaccanus of Rober, and L. agnata of Druce are
both synonyms.
358. LAMPIDES CLEODUS, Felder.
Originally described from Luzon in the Philippine Isles. L. pura,
Moore, described from the Mergui Archipelago in Lower Burma, but
which occurs also in Assam, Upper Burma, and Nias Island, is a
synonym of L. cleudus. In Sumatra it is found at Selesseh and in the
Battak mountains. i
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 459
359. LAMPIDES SATURATA, Snellen.
Lycena saturata, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxv, p. 137, n. 3 (1892).
Originally described from Java, but not figured. I am not quite
sure of the identification, it is difficult to identify species of this genus
without good figures. Itis one of the commonest species of Lampides
in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java; I possess a very long
suite of specimens of it from all these places.
360. LAMPIDES TALINGA, Kheil.
Plebeius talinga, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 29, n. 86, pl. v, figs. 32, male; 33, female
(1884).
Lampides talinga, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 39, n. 18,
pl. S, figs. 27, male; 28, female (1895).
A very small and quite distinct species. Originally described from
Nias, and is very common in Sumatra.
361. Lamrıpes ELPIS, Godart.
Snellen. Hagen as elphis [sic], Godardt [sic].
362. *LAMPIDES KANKENA, Felder.
Snellen. Originally described from Kar Nicobar. I have seen
the type specimen, a male, at Vienna. In the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
are a pair of specimens from Nankowri, one of the Nicobar Islands, and
I possess males from Nias Island and the Philippines. Its occurrence in
Sumatra is not at all improbable, It is a very distinct species, has the
striæ on the underside arranged as in L. elpis, Godart; the male on the
upperside is of a very pale silvery-blue.
363. LAMPIDES KONDULANA, Felder.
Originally described from Kondul Isle, one of the Nicobars. I
have seen the type in Vienna. In coloration the male is similar to that
sex of the three preceding species, but the black border to the wings
on the upperside is reduced to a marginal thread, On the underside
the striæ are as in the two last-named species. I possess specimens
from Nacondam Island, the Nicobar Isles, Burma, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra and Java. The “ Cupido” cærulea, Druce, from Borneo, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 349, n. 18, pl. xxxii, fig. 6, male, is almost
certainly a synonym of this species.
364. LAMPIDES SUBDITA, Moore.
First described from Mergui in Lower Burma. Is not uncommon
in Sumatra at Namoe Oekor and in the Battak mountains.
J. I. ö8
460 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin-— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
865. LAMPIDES MARGARITA, Martin.
L. margarita, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra, pt.
2, p. 9, n. 8 (1895).
Occurs very rarely at Bekantschan and in the Battak mountains.
366. *LAMPIDES SUIDAS, Felder.
Hagen. Originally described from Luzon in the Philippines, from
whence I possess specimens. We have not obtained it in Sumatra.
367. LAMPIDES BOCHIDES, de Nicéville.
L bochides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 367, n. 16,
pl. F, fig. 15, male (1891).
Rare, has been obtained at Selesseh and in the Battak mountains.
368, LAMPIDES ABDUL, Distant.
Very rare in the Battak mountains. Originally described from a
unique female from Malacca in Dr. O. Staudinger’s collection, which I
have examined at Dresden. The male, which is of a peculiar shade of
metallic grecn on the upperside, is the L. marakata of Doherty, describ-
ed from Padang Rangas, Perak, Malay Peninsula, in Butt. India, vol.
ili, p. 174 (1890).
869. LamPIDEs LUCIDE, de Nicéville.
ZL. lucide, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 33, n. 29, pl. v, fig. 3,
male (1894). š
Excessively rare, Dr. Martin has only obtained a few specimens in
the Battak mountains, of which four males are in my collection. All
the Sumatran Lampides, with the exception of one species, are true
forest butterflies, which greatly enliven and cheer tho gloomy evergreen
primeval forests by the vivid aud brilliant coloration of their wings.
So perhaps they to some extent compensate for the observed poverty of
blue flowers in the forest which has been noted by many writers.
L. celeno, Cramer, like species of Nacaduba, Catochrysops, Everes and many
other Lycænidæ, is found on wet spots on the roads. L. lucide, the most
distinct of the Sumatran Lampides, occurs only on the Central Plateau.
L. margarita, Martin, L. bochides, de Nicéville, and L. abdul [recte abdula,
aud so given in the Index to the plates of Mr. Distant’s book] are found at
higher elevations, from Bekantschan to the Plateau; while the remaining
species are inhabitants of the forests of the alluvial plain. J. celeno,
L. saturata, Snellen, L. talinga, Kheil, L. elpis, Godart, and L. kondulana,
Felder, are common; L subdita, Moore, L. cleodus, Felder, and L. bochides
are scarco; while L. margarita, L. abdul, and L. lucide are very rare.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin —Butterflies of Sumatra. 461
All the Lampides are very restless and quick on the wing, and never
settle for a long time, consequently from the denseness of the plant-
growth in the forest are not easily captured.
370. CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO, Fabricius,
Hagen as strabo, Fabricus [sic] and kandarpa. Staudinger as
kandarpa. The C. kandarpa of Horsfield is a synonym of C. strabo.
371. CATOCHRYSOPS LITHARGYRIA, Moore.
First described from Ceylon, but found also in Assam, Burma,
the Andaman Isles, and the Philippine Isles.
372. CarTocurysops CNEJUS, Fabricius.
Snellen. The three species of Catochrysops in Sumatra occur at
the lower elevations, and are not found higher than Bekantschan. The
males of C. strabo, Fabricius, and C. lithargyria, Moore, are very com-
mon on roads, where they act as miniature scavengers, but the females
must be sought for in gardens or small jungle. The males of O. strabo
in particular occur in large numbers, thirty to fifty specimens, on the
margins of puddles, and form beautiful violet patches of colour on the
sunny roads. C. lithargyria is a little rarer than C. strabo, and may
be considered to be a good species, Dr. Martin noting that he possesses
females probably of this species which differ slightly in the shade of
blue on the upperside of both wings from undoubted females of C. strabo.
C. cnejus is quite as common as C. strabo, but is seldom found on roads
as it prefers gardens in which the common Chinese bean ( Vigna sinensis,
Savi.) is cultivated, on the flowers of which the larva feeds. The
figures of CO. strabo and C. cnejus in Distant’s Rhop. Malay. are not good,
being far too reddish in shade on the upperside. The widely distributed
C. pandava, Horsfield, which is common at Singapore, and is the most
plentiful of all the Nicobarese butterflies, is strangely enough apparently
absent from Sumatra.
373. CASTALIUS rosimon, Fabricius.
Grose Smith. Hagen.
374. CASTALIUS ANANDA, de Nicéville.
First described from Sikhim, occurs also in Assam, Upper Burma,
Orissa, and South India.
375. CASTALIUS ETHION, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Distant.
462 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
376. CasTaLIus roxus, Godart.
Hagen as rogus, Godardt [sic]. Staudinger.
377. CASTALIUS ELNA, Hewitson.
Widely distributed, found in North-Eastern and Southern India,
Burma, the Andaman Isles, the Malay Peninsula, and Java. C. rosimon,
Fabricius, O. ethion, Doubleday and Hewitson, C. rovus, Godart, and
C. elna occur in the plains and outer hills south of Bekantschan and
Bohorok. O. rosimon, C. rogus, and O. elna are found on roads and grassy
places such as forest tracts overgrown with high grass, and settle with
folded wings on the ground if moist, or on the tops of flowering
Graminess. C. ethion keeps more to low shrubs, and is found inside the
forest. C. ananda, de Nicéville, is only found in the forest on certain
bushes in February and March. Dr. Martin took it, also in March and
April, at Simgla below Darjiling in the Western Himalayas only on
certain trees, but I have caught the male in the same place on the wet
sand in the beds of streams. The female of O. ethion, which has no
blue coloration on the upperside of both wings, is so far quite similar
to the male of C. roxus, our most common species, but the markings of
the underside will instantly distinguish them. C. elna, the largest of our
Oustalius, is decidedly rarer than C. rosimon, C. ethion, and O. rowus;
C. ananda is the rarest of all, and found only at the higher elevations,
378. POLYOMMATUS BeTICUs, Linneus.
Snellen. Hagen. Distant as beticus [sic]. This widely-spread
butterfly occurs in Sumatra near the sea, as Dr. Martin has taken it at
the Saentis Estate and at Loboe Dalam on the flowers of the common
kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Linneens), and also very high in the
mountains at Soengei Batoe and on the Central Plateau, but it is never
found in the intermediate area. Dr. Martin is quite unable to account
for this fact, which has also been observed by Dr. Hagen, who has
taken P. beticus near Laboean on abandoned Indigo plants, and
believes that the butterfly was imported to this very low elevation
from Singapore when the Malays first introduced the Indigo plant from
thence.
379. *CUPIDO XTHERIALIS, Var.
Hagen. Iam unable to trace this species.
380. *LYCÆNA AUGUSTA.
Grose Smith. I have failed to discover this species also.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 463
381. *Lycmnopsis CYLINDE, Boisduval.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Dorei, New Guinea.
Unless the type of this species still exists in M. Charles Oberthiir’s
collection, it will be impossible to identify it from Boisduval’s short
description.
382. AMBLYPODIA NARADA, Horsfield.
Hagen. Grose Smith as anitu. The A. anita of Hewitson was
originally described from Siam, and is the comnion Indian and
Ceylonese species. The coloration of the male on the upperside of both
wings is more purple than blue, and it is not found south of Burma.
A. narada is rich deep blue, and occurs in the Malay Peninsula. In
Sumatra it is by no means common in tlie forests of the plains, and
Dr. Martin possesses other specimens from Asahan and Indragiri. Dr.
Martin notes that he has some very small examples of both sexes with
a broader brown margin to the upperside of the forewing, and the
markings of both wings on the underside more prominent, than in
typical specimens.
383. IraoTa RocHANA, Horsfield.
Originally described from Java, The I. boswelliana of Distant,
described from Penang and Singapore, is a synonym of this species.
Dr. Martin remarks that the male has three tails. As figured by
Horsfield and Moore in Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. ©., vol. i, p. 44, n. 68,
pl. ia, fig. 10, male (1857), there are only two.
384. Iraota NILA, Distant.
Hasrat: Malacca (Distant); N.-E. Sumatra.
ExpansE: g, l4 to 1°6 inches.
DESCRIPTION: MALE. Urpersipe, both wings black, with rich pur-
ple markings. Forewing with a streak occupying the middle of the
discoidal cell for its whole length; two short streaks in the median inter-
spaces, a very large one in the submedian interspace bisected by the sub-
median fold, not reaching the outer margin; a short streak at the base
of the sutural area. Hindwing with the disc purple divided by the black
veins; the costa and abdominal margin rather broadly pale fuscous;
tails two, of equal length, short, narrow, black tipped with white.
UNDERSIDE, both wings coloured and marked as in the female. Antennaz
black, the tip of the club above gamboge-yellow, beneath also of the
same colour, but gradually merging into the ferruginous colour of the
middle and base of the club. Head with two white lines across the
face, the orbits white. Palpi with the apex black, the base white.
Abdomen above black, beneath whitish.
464 WL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
After all, this species turns out to be a true Iraota, though it
is somewhat aberrant, as both sexes have two tails (in I. rochana the
male has two [Dr. Martin says three] and the female three tails; in
I. timoleon, Stoll, and allies the male has one and the female two tails),
and the shape of the wing differs also somewhat from typical Iraotas
in both sexes. The neuration, however, is quite normal. In Sumatra
both the species of Iraota are rare, the males even more so than the
females. Dr. Martin took the first male of I. rochana, Horsfield, a very
large specimen, measuring 1°7 inches, at Namoe Oekor in August, 1892,
and the first male of I. nila near Bekantschan in October, 1893. We
have other specimens taken at Selesseh in July, and in the Battak
mountains in September.
385. SURENDRA AMISENA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Hagen.
386. SURENDRA FLORIMEL, Doherty.
Originally described from Lower Burma.
387. *Surenpra vivarna, Horsfield.
Hagen. Originally described from Java, from whence I have a
good series of both sexes. ©. amisena, Hewitson, and S. florimel,
Doherty, both occur at low elevations in the forests of the plains, the
former is very common near Selesseh, the latter much rarer. The males
of the two species must be differentiated by the markings of the under-
side of the wings. In habits they resemble those of the following genus.
388. ARRHOPALA CENTAURUS, Fabricius.
Butler. Distant. Occurs in the sultanate of Indragiri.
389. ARRHOPALA AGNIS, Felder.
Grose Smith. Hagen. The sbade of coloration of the upper-
side of the male is more variable in this species than in any other
known to me; in some specimens it is almost pale blue, and there is
nearly every gradation to be met with till deep purple is reached complet-
ing the series. It is acommon species, and is found in Burma, the
Malay Peninsula, aud Nias; in Sumatra it occurs at Selesseh and in the
Battak mountains.
390. ARRHOPALA ACE, de Nicéville.
A. ace, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 329, n. 6, pl. H,
fig. 13, male (1892).
Originally described from Perak in the Malay Peninsula. I possess
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 465
a single example from the Battak mountains of Sumatra. Itis a very
distinct and easily recognised species.
391. ARRHOPALA ADOREA, de Nicéville.
A common species at Bekantschan and in the hills.
392. ARRHOPALA ATOSIA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Hagen. Grose Smith. Butler. Kirby. Distant.
Originally described from Sumatra. A common and easily recognised
species.
393. ARRHOPALA AMPHEA, Felder.
Originally described from Luzon in the Philippines. It is near
to A. abseus, Hewitson, but the male may be known from the same
sex of that species by having the purple coloration of both wings on
the upperside nearly twice as extensive.
394. ARRHOPALA AROA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Batler. Kirby. Distant. Originally
described from Sumatra, and is probably ane commonest species of the
genus found in the island.
395. *ARRHOPALA ATRAX, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Probably incorrectly identified, as it is strictly
confined to India as far as I am aware.
396. ARRHOPALA ADATHA, Hewitson.
A fairly common species in Sumatra,
397. ARRHOPALA PSEUDOMUTA, Staudinger.
Amblypodia pseudomuta, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 125 (1889).
Arhopala raflesii, de Nicéville, Butt. India, vol. iii, p. 248, n. 803, pl. Frontis-
piece, fig. 136, male (1890).
I possess only one specimen of this species from Sumatra.
398. *ARRHCPALA AGESILAUS, Staudinger, var. MAJOR, Staudinger.
Amblypodia agesilaws, Staudinger, var. major, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 128
(1889).
Staudinger. Described typically and figured (l. c., pl. i, fig. 17,
male) from Palawan in the Philippine Isles, and the var. major from
Malacca and Fort de Kock in Sumatra. It appears to be very close to
A. pseudomuta, Staudinger. We have failed to recognise it.
466 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
399. *ARRHOPALA ANUNDA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Borneo, but unknown to us.
400. ARRHOPALA TEESTA, de Nicéville.
Found at Selesseh and in the Battak mountains. It occurs in Java
as well as in India, and may be the same species as A. turbata, Butler,
from Japan.
401. ARRHOPALA APIDANUS, Cramer.
Grose Smith. Distant. Not rare. As usual with this species,
the female in Sumatra is more frequently met with in collections than
the male.
402. ARRHOPALA DIARDI, Hewitson.
Grose Smith as capeta. Found in the Battak mountains. The
“ Amblypodia ” capeta, Hewitson, described from Sumatra, is the female
of A. diardi, of which Hewitson described the male only. The species
has a wide range, being found in Assam, Siam, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, and Java.
403. ARRHOPALA Aztnts, de Nicéville.
A. aztnis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. x, p. , n. 20, pl. T,
fig. 31, male (1896).
Described from a single male in Dr. Martin’s collection taken at
Bekantsclian in March, 1894.
404. ARRHOPALA azaTA, de Nicéville.
A. azata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. , un. 21, pl. T,
figs. 32, male; 33, female (1896).
Occurs also in Perak in the Maiay Peninsula; in Sumatra it has
been taken in March, July, and November.
405, ARKHOPALA ANTHELUS, Doubleday and Hewitson.
This fine species occurs at Selesseh in Sumatra, and I possess speci-
mens also from Java. The males from Sumatra are of a deeper shade
of blue on the upperside of both wings than typical specimens from
Burma, while Javan specimens are normally coloured.
406. *ARRHOPALA ANARTE, Hewitson.
Hagen. Grose Smith as anartes [sic]. Kirby. Distant. This
species doubtless occurs in Sumatra, though we have never met with it.
It is found in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.
1895.] L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 467
407. *Arnrimopana Auxnsta, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Kirby. Originally deseribed from Sumatra, but we
have not met with this fine species. A. auzea, de Nicéville, from Java,
is a local race of d. auvesia.
408. ARRHOPALA BUXTONI, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Staudinger, Distant. Originally des-
eribed from Sumatra, where it is found at Selesseh.
409. ARRHOPALA FARQUHARI, Distant.
Snellen as eumolphus. Hagen as eumolphus. Grose Smith as
eumolphus. The A. eumolphus of Cramer was described from the Bengal
Coast, so if appears best to retain that name for the Eastern Himalayan,
Assamese, aud Chittagong Hill Tracts form. Its female is the
A. bupola of Hewitson. The female of A. furguhart is probably the
A. maawelli of Distant. Snellen suggests that A. atosta, Hewitson, is the
female of the Snmatran form; in this I cannot agree with him, vide
Butt. India, vol. ii, p. 242. I possess a long series of A. adonias,
Hewitson, from Java from whence it was originally described. All
my specimens appear to be females, and as the markings of the
underside agree closely with those of A. eumolphus, A. farquhari,
A. helienore, Doherty, and A. horsfieldi, Pagenstecher, I am inclined to
believe that its male is a green species which does not appear to differ
at all from the same sex of A. farguhari, though the Javan female
(true A adonias) is of quite a different shade of colour on the upper-
side of both wings, being a pale silvery blue, to the deep purple colora-
tion of the female of the true dA. farguhart from Burma, the Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. In Sumatra A. farquhari is found
at Bekantschan and in the Battak mountains.
410. ARRHOPALA TROGON, Distant.
Originally deseribed from Perak in the Malay Peninsula. Very
rare in both sexes, but the female seems to be more often met with than
the male.
41l. ARRHOPALA HORSFIELDI, Pagenstecher.
Amblypodia horsfieldi, Pagenstecher, Jahr. des Nass. Ver. fir Naturk., vol. xliii,
pp. 99, 106 (1890).
Arhopala basiviridis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 373,
me Sil, pl. G, fig 22) male (1801):
Originally described from East Java by Pagenstecher, and from the
Malay Peninsula and Borneo by myself. In Snmatra itis fonnd in the
Battak mountains.
Je i, BY
468 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
412. ARRHOPALA ANNIELLA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Singapore froma male. From super-
ficial appearances only one would say that the A. artegal of Doherty
from Mergui in Lower Burma is a synonym of this species. Against
this is the fact that Doherty described his species from two male speci-
mens, while the description and figure agrees with the female of
A. anniella. In Sumatra A. anniella occurs in the Battak mountains.
413. ARRHOPALA SINGHAPURA, Distant.
Originally described from Singapore. Dr. Martin writes to me
that he possesses this species from Sumatra, that it is a good species,
and is very different from A. anniella, Hewitson, as it has a blunt and
broad tail tipped with white, and is a smaller insect. On the nnderside
A. anniella has white scales which are entirely wanting in A. singhapura,
of which also the metallic green markings near the anal angle of tbe
hindwing are largely different and more prominent, also shaped differ-
ently to those in A. anniella. The markings on the underside of
A. singhapura are also much nearer to those of A. diardi, Hewitson,
than to those of A. anniella. Till I received this note from Dr, Martin
I thought that A. singhapura might bea synonym of A. anniella, Distant
having figured the female of the former and the male of the latter.
414. *Arrmopana INORNATA, Felder.
Grose Smith. I have failed to recoguise this species from any
locality.
415. *ARRHOPALA PERIMUTA, Moore.
Grose Smith. This is a very distinct and easily recognised little
species, aud Mr. Grose Smith is not likely to have wrongly identified
it. I have no record except the above of its occurrence south of
Mergui in Lower Burma.
416. ARRHOPALA MORPHINA, Distant.
Very rare, found in the Battak mountains only. It is one of the
most beautiful and distinct species in the genus, and was originally
described from Perak in the Malay Peninsula.
417, ARRHOPALA OVOMACULATA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Sumatra. It occurs in the Battak
mountains rarely in August,
p
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 469
418. ARrHorALA AGESIAS, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Borneo. TI possess one
example only from Sumatra. Hewitson describes four discal spots
on the underside of the forewing, but he figures five, while my
specimen has six.
419. ARRHOPALA ANILA, de Nicéville.
A. anila, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 5 ith 22
(1896).
I have thus named the variety a of Hewitson’s A. agesias, as I
see no reason why it should not be a quite distinct species. It occurs
in the Malay Peninsula, at Namoe Oekor in Sumatra in August, and in
Borneo.
420. ARRHOPALA METAMUTA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Butler. Kirby. Distant. Originally described
from Sumatra, where it does not appear to be at all a common species,
421, ARRHOPALA HYPOMUTA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. If I have correctly identified this species, it is
common in Sumatra.
422. ARRHOPALA AMPHIMUTA, Felder.
Hagen. I possess one male specimen from Sumatra, which I
identify a little doubtfully as this species,
423. ARRHOPALA ANTIMUTA, Felder.
Snellen. A common species. It has no tail, and is easily recog-
nised from A. atosia, Hewitson, which is tailed, by this feature. Both
species have a patch of differently-formed scales in the middle of the
forewing on the upperside in the male.
424, ARRHOPALA DAVISONII, de Nicéville.
A very common species in Sumatra as elsewhere.
425. AR®RHOPALA AVATHA, de Nicéville,
A. avatha, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. X, p.
5 lly 283,
pl. T, fig. 34, male (1896).
Differs from A. davisonit, de Nicéville, in having the black margin
to both wings on the upperside in the male twice as broad,
470 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
426. ÅRRHOPALA ASIA, de Nicéville.
Arhopala asia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 338,
n. 9, pl. H, fig. 16, male (1892).
Originally described from the Malay Peninsula. I possess several
male specimens from Sumatra which agree with the type.
427. ÅRRHOPALA (Acesina) AMMON, Hewitson.
Originally described from Singapore. Occurs in Sumatra in the
Battak mountains.
428. Arnnopata (Mahathala) ameri, Uewilson.
Hagen. Not uncommon; as usual, the females are more often met
with than the males. This genus is the one most largely represented in
Sumatra, which may perhaps be its head quarters, though the Malay
Peninsula may possibly possess quite as many species. All are found
in forests, but nevertheless their more or less metallic blue, purple,
and green colours are not at all conspicnous and they do little to
enliven the somber depths of the forest, as the restless species of
Laumpides do. Arrhopalas never come to small streams or damp spots
on roads to suck up the moisture, or to flowers, they hardly ever fly
unless disturbed, and as they always settle with folded wings, of which
the undersides present only dull brown, grey, or dull purple colours,
little is seen of them. They rest on leaves of shrubs of moderate
height, and never fly tor any length of time or to a distance, feeling
themselves much more scenre when at rest. ‘I'here is therefore only
one way to sce and capture them, and that is to walk through the
underwood and distnrbh them by beating the bushes aud low trees, and
thns to cause them to fly. The following species are found only in the
mountains at high elevations :—A. azinis, de Nicéville, A. azata, de
Nieéville, A. teesta, de Nicéville, A. authelus, Doubleday and Hewitson,
A. ovomaculata, Hewitson, A. ammon, Hewitson, and dA. morphina,
Distant. All the rest ocenr in the plains, A. centaurus, Fabricius, so
common elsewhere, we have never seen in Deh, but Dr. Fried] Martin
took a single specimen at the Gading Estate in Indragiri, south ef Siak,
in November, 1894. The rarest species are A. umphea, Felder, A. anni-
ella, Hewitson, A. diardi, Hewitson, and A. morphina, Distant. Of the
three metallic green species none is common, but A. farquhart, Distant,
is less searee than A. horsfieldi, Pagenstecher, whereas A. trogon,
Distant, is the rarest of the three, Dr. Martin in thirteen years’ collect-
ing having obtained only two specimens.
429. Cureris MALAYICA, Felder.
Hagen. Originally described from Malacca.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 471
430. CurRETIs msopus, Fabricius. l
Originally described from the Hast Indies.
43l. CURETIS FELDERI, Distant.
Originally described from Province Wellesley and Sungei Ujong in
the Malay Peninsula.
432. CURETIS SPERTHIS, Felder.
Hagen. Originally described from Malacca, We have followed
Mr. Distant’s identifications of these four species, as we have specimens
from Sumatra\which agree with lis descriptions and figures of them.
Whether they are all distinct, or how many of them are so, we are not
prepared to say. The males are far more commouly met with than the
females; which latter have the npperside of the wings orange bordered
with black, never with the orange colour replaced by white, the more
usual form of the Indian species.
433. CURETIS INSULARIS, Horsfield,
A well marked, easily identified, and probably valid species origi-
nally described from Java.
434, *Curetis BULIS, Doubleday and Hewitson.
Snellen. Typically not met with by us in Sumatra.
435, *CURETIS BARSINE, Felder.
Hagen. Originally described from Amboina. Not met with by us
in Sumatra. All species of Curetis in Sumatra occur at low elevations
with the exception of CO, malayica, Felder, which is found in the moun-
tains as well as in the plains.. The males nsually rest with closed
wings on leaves near small streams, never fly for long distances, and
do not go down to wet spots on roais very often, though the males are
sometimes so found. ‘The females are occasionally only caught in the
forest. Their flight is so rapid that they can hardly be followed with
the eye, but if they settle on the upperside of a leaf with closed wings
their silvery-coloured underside at once betrays them, bnt if they are
frightened they settle on the underside of the leaves, where they are of
course invisible.
436. *ZePHYRUS ABSOLON, Hewitson.
Z. absolon, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 291, n. 23,
pl. P, figs 33, male; 34, female (1895).
Recorded by me from West Java; recently captured by Dr. Hagen
472 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
on Mount Kaba, 5,200 feet, in South Sumatra. He saw seven or eight
specimens, but caught only one male, which Dr. Martin has seen.
437. IĪLERDA 1a, de Nicéville, n. sp.
Hagen as epicles, Godardt [sic].
Hasirat: Battak mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: g, 14 to 15; Q, 15 to 16 inches.
Desoriprion: Mane. Uppversive, forewing differs from typical
I. epicles, Godart, from Java, in the iridescent deep purple colour being
of greater extent, approaching much nearer the costa and the outer
margin; never with a diffused yellow patch beyond the end of the dis-
coidal cell. Hindwing with the purple coloration of greater extent
also, the orange lunules on the margin greatly reduced in size and
fewer, confined more to the anal angle. Unpersipe, both wings as in
I. epicles. FeMALE. Uprersipe, forewing differs from typical I. epicles
in having the orange area much larger, almost reaching the base of the
wing. Jfindwing differs in having a very large continuous orange
area occupying the outer half of the wing, instcad of a series of con-
joined broad marginal lunules, with sometimes a small indistinct
diffused orange patch on the disc. UNDERSIDE, both wings as in the
male.
Tt is possible that “ Thecla” phenicoparyphus, Holland, described
from Hainan Island, (the type being said to be a male but probably
actually a female) is the name which will have to be applied to the
Western Chinese and Indian form of J. epicles, as from the figure aud
description of the type of that specics, the orange arcas on the npper-
side of both wings appear to be of about the same extent; the fore-
wing, however, has the orange area (thongh it is variable in extent)
always less than half as large as it is in truc J. epicles. I, ila differs
from both in the female by the orange area on the upperside of the
hindwing occupying fully half the surface instead of being confined to
a marginal band.
I. ila is not very common on the Central Plateau, but occurs
thronghont the year, as there are specimens in Dr. Martin’s collection
taken in every month. I have described it from a long serics of
both sexes.
438. DacaLANA vipuRA, Horsfield.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Distant. Occurs in the plains and on the
outer hills. Is common at Selessch in April. The collectcrs brought
in perlaps five or six nales to one female.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 473
439. CAMmENA ciprus, Fabricius.
I have caught this species at Sclesseh in October, but it is very
rare in Sumatra, as Dr. Martin possesses only one other specimen taken
in July also near Selesseh.
440, Camena cotys, Hewitson.
Originally described from Nepal. It is very rare in Sumatra, I
possess two males only. Probably often overlooked owing to its strong
superficial likeness to the more common Dacalana vidura, Horsfield.
441, CAMENA CRETHEUS, de Nicéville.
C. cretheus, de Nicéville, Journ, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 294, n. 24,
pl. P, fig. 35, male (1895); idem, id., l. c., vol. x, p. su 24, pl. T, fig. 35,
female (1896).
Very rare, occurs in the Battak Mountains of Sumatra in March,
and in Western Java. Easily recognised by the base of the costa of
the forewing on the underside being yellow,
442, APHNÆUS LOHITA, Horsfield.
Grose Smith. A common species, spread over the whole of our
area with the exception of the Central Plateau; the males on roads, on
the margins of forest, and also on grassy places; females somewhat
scarcer, They are very fond of executing the rubbing and revolving
movements of the hindwings observed in many of the Lycænidæ.
443. *APHNÆUS SYAMA, Horsfield.
Staudinger. As this species occurs in the Malay Peninsula and in
Java, it is almost certainly found also in the intervening island of
Sumatra, though we have never met with it.
444, *APHNEUS VULCANUS, Fabricius.
Hagen. Occurs commonly in Java, and is almost certainly to be
found in the south-east of Sumatra, which is only separated from Java
by a narrow and shallow strait.
445, APHNEUS HIENDLMAYRII, de Nicéville.
A, hiendlmayrii, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 38, n. 33, pl. v,
fig. 5, female (1894). .
Very rare, only three female specimens have been obtained in
March and August at Selesseh. The male still remains to be dis-
covered.
474 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
446. TAJURIA BuRBONA, Hewitson.
Myrina burbona, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep., Lycænidæ, p. Supplement 24,
n. 66, pl. Supplement iiia, fig. 95, female (1878).
Charana datoe, Martin.
Hewitson. Hagen as galindra. Staudinger as jalindra. Grose
Smith. Originally described from Sumatra. It is a local race of
T, jalindra, Horsfield, from Java, T. indra, Moore, from India, and
T, tarpina, Hewitson, from the South Andaman Isles. The male of the
Sumatran race has the black border to the forewing on the upperside
narrower than in the allied species. Dr. Martin described the male,
Hewitson the female. Only a few males obtained in forest near
Selesseh in April, May and June ; no female.
447. *TAJURIA LONGINUS, Fabricius.
Standinger. Found on both sides of Sumatra—in Java and in
the Malay Peninsula—so it is almost certain to occur in Sumatra
also.
443, TAJURIA MANTRA, Felder.
From Namoe Oekor to Bekantschan; is rarer than the species
which next follows.
449. TAJURIA TRAYANA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Distant. Staudinger. Kirby. Bntler. Originally
described from Sumatra and Borneo. Common ab low elevations in
Sumatra.
450. Tascria TURA, de Nicéville. °
T. tura, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 301, n. 27, pl. P,
fig. 39, male (1895).
Fonnd very varcly in August in the Battak Mountains of Sumatra,
and in Western Java.
451. Tasurra TYRO, de Nicéville.
T. tyro, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 802, n. 28, pl. P,
fig. 40, female (1895).
Ocenrs rarely in Burma and Sumatra.
459, *Tasvrta 1s£us, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Kirby. Originally described from Snmatra and
Sarawak in Borneo. We have seen no specimen of it from Sumatra.
See remarks below, No. 458.
1895.] L, de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra, 475
453. TAJURIA TERIA, de Nicéville.
T. thria, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. , n. 26, pl. T,
figs. 38, male; 39, female (1896).
Found in Tenasserim, Burma, and the Battak Mountains south
of Bekantschan, Sumatra, in March, May and July. It is rare, and
may easily be distinguished from its allies by the male being entircly
black on the upperside of the forewing.
454. TAJURIA BLANKA, de Nicéville.
T. blanka, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 39, n. 34, pl. iv,
fig. 4, female (1894).
Two females of this very rare species have been obtained in the
higher mountains ; the type specimen in October, 1893.
455. TAJURIA DONATANA, de Nicéville.
Originally described from Burma. Two male specimens only
have been obtained in March and July at Bekantschan at the foot
of the Battak mountains in Sumatra. This species is quite distinct
from the Celebesian species, T. orsolina, Hewitson, to which it is
nearly allied.
456. Ops ogyans, de Nicéville.
O. ogyges, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 298, n. 25,
pl. P, figs. 36, male ; 37, female (1895).
Originally described from Maulmain in Burma. Very rare, Dr.
Martin obtained one male specimen in the Battak mountains in Sep-
tember, 1894, which I have not seen.
457. Ops MELASTIGMA, de Nicéville.
In O. ogyges, de Nicéville, the “ male-mark” on the disc of the
forewing on the upperside is indistinct, and can be seen only in certain
lights. In O. melastigma it is exceedingly prominent, quadrate, and
dingy black or fuliginous in colour. It is very rare in Sumatra, Dr.
Martin possesses a single male taken in the Battak mountains in
December.
458, BRITOMARTIS CLEOBOIDES, Elwes.
B. cleoboides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 306, n. 1 (1895).
Messrs. Grose Smith and Kirby have both recorded Tajuria isæus,
Hewitson (see No. 452) from Sumatra, but probably the specimens so
identified should be the present one, which has only recently been
described. The true “ Jolaus” isæus, the type specimen of which was
od, 11 60
476 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. (No. 3,
probably from Sumatra (Hewitson gives Sumatra and Sarawak as the
habitat of I. iswus on page 44 of Ill. Diurn. Lep.), is a Tajuria. It
was described from a male, its female being probably the T. relata of
Distant. Hewitson in Supplement page J0 of the above-quoted work
described a male I. isæus (which I identify as Britomartis cleoboides,
Elwes), from Borneo, and said, incorrectly as [ believe, that his first
description and figure instead of applying to a male should be to a
female. To sum up:—“ Iolaus” isæus, and Tajuria relata, Distant,
stand as Tajuria isæus, Hewitson, male and female, from the Malay
Peninsula and Sumatra; while Hewitson’s second figure of “ IJolaus”
isæus in the supplement of his book, which is also taken from a male,
stands as Britomartis cleaboides, Elwes, from Burma, Sumatra, Java
and Borneo. It is rare in Sumatra, found in June and July at Selesseh.
459. Briromartis BUTO, de Nicéville.
B. buto, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 308, n. 29, pl. P,
fig. 41, female (1895).
Occurs in Burma and Sumatra; described from a single example
from each locality.
460. Suasa sugssa, de Nicéville.
8. suessa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 337, n. 14,
pl. H, figs. 8, male; 9, female (1892).
Originally described from the Malay Peninsula. Found very rarely
in the Battak mountains from Namoe Oekor to Bekantschan in Decem-
ber and January, and again in July.
461. *THAMALA MARCIANA, Hewitson.
Butler. Kirby. Grose Smith. Originally described from Sumatra,
and Sarawak in Borneo, but not obtained by us. It almost certainly
occurs in Sumatra, as it is found in the countries on both sides of it.
462. HYPOLYCÆNA ERYLUS, Godart.
Hagen as erylus, Godardt [sic]. Common at low elevations and
throughout the year. The female is very rare.
463. HYPOLYCÆNA THECLOIDES, Felder.
Staudinger. Very rare, only two specimens obtained, both females,
one at Selesseh, the other in Indragiri in February.
464. Hryrrorycæxa siprLus, Felder.
I possess a single worn female example from Sumatra which
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 477
appears to represent this species. It occursalso in Celebes and Amboina,
the allied H. tharrytas, Felder, being found in the Philippines.
465. CHLIARIA TORA, Kheil.
C. tora, de Nicéville, Journ, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 311, n. 31, pl. P,
fig. 43, female (1895).
Originally described from Nias; occurs also in the Malay Penin-
sula in Perak, in Sumatra at Selesseh and Bekantschan, and in Borneo.
It flies in every month in the year in Sumatra; the males are found
with different species of Nacaduba, &c., on wet spots on roads.
466. CHLIARIA MERGUIA, Doherty.
Originally described from Lower Burma. Found in Sumatra
from Bekantschan to the higher Battak mountains in the last three
months in the year, but is a rare species.
467. CHLIARIA AMABILIS, Martin.
C. amabilis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iz, p. 309, n. 30,
pl. P, fig. 42, male (March, 1895); Zeltus amabilis, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmet-
terlinge von Nordost-Sumatra, pt. 2, p. 11, n. 9 (October, 1895).
Found in Java. In Sumatra it flies fiom Selesseh to Bekantschan
in June, July and August. Rare, Dr. Martin has obtained five or six
specimens only.
468. ZELTUS ETOLUS, Fabricius.
Hagen. Grose Smith. Found all over our area and is everywhere
common, the males on wet roads, the females much scarcer and flying
in the jungle. Dr. Martin has made the same observation that I did
fourteen years ago when I first saw this butterfly alive (Journ. A. S. B.,
vol, l, pt. 2, p. 59, n. 105 (1881) that “The male when flying over
small puddles of water reminds one very much of a common blue-bodied
dragonfly.”
469. NEOCHERITRA AMRITA, Felder.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Occurs in the mountains south
of Bekantschan iu July. We havo never seen a male, and the female
is rare.
470. NEOCHERITRA NAMOA, de Nicéville.
N. namoa, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 41, n. 86, pl. v,
fig. 9, male (1894).
Described from a unique male captured in the Battak mountains
478 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
in May, 1893. Since then a second specimen was obtained in December,
1894, at the same locality by a clever Battak collector named Sinobar.
471. NEOCHERITRA NISIBIS, de Nicéville.
N. nisibis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 316, n. 33,
pl. P, fig. 45, female (1895).
Described from two females, one each from the Malay Peninsula
and Sumatra. i
472. Turix Gama, Distant.
This is a very remarkable genus, the male having a somewhat
similar tuft of hairs on the upperside of the forewing to that found in the
genera Dacalana and Arrhenothriz, It occurs rarely in Sumatra from
Selesseh to Soengei Batoe in May, June and July. The males vary in
size from 1°45 to 1:75 inches.
473. Manto MARTINA, Hewitson.
M. martina, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 314, n. 32,
pl. P, fig. 44, female (1895).
Originally described from Borneo, but is found also in Burma, the
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Occurs at low elevations as high only
as Namoe Oekor from February to July and again in October.
474, Jacoona anasusa, Felder.
Hitherto known only from the Malay Peninsula. The female
has still to be discovered. Very rare, only two specimens obtained in
thirteen years, both at Selesseh in May.
475. NEoMYRINA HIEMALIS, Godman and Salvin.
Hagen. With the exception of Arrhopula agnis, Felder, this is the
largest of our Lycwnide. Very rare, as it flies very high and quickly in
the forest. Dr. Martin once saw a specimen flying across a small open
grassy patch from one piece of forest to another. Its flight was so
rapid that its long tails were nearly invisible, and at first sight
it gave the impression of being a specimen of the smaller white
Catopsilia (C. pyranthe, Linneus). It is found over the whole of our
area, with the exception perhaps of the Central Plateau. Dr. Martin
has specimens from the Gayoe-lands, Selesseh, Deli and Asahan. It is
probably less rare in the western part of our area, as at Padang Tjer-
min in Langkat an amateur collector obtained some ten specimens in
one year.
p
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 479
476. TICHERRA ACTE, Moore.
Common from Namoe Oekor to the Central Plateau throughout the
year.
477. CHERITRA FREJA, Fabricius.
Hagen as freya [sic]. Grose Smith. Still commoner than the
foregoing species, and occurs in forest only over the whole of our area. ,
478. Rirra AUREA, Druce.
R. aurea, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. , n. 80, pl. T
fig. 45, female (1896).
Found in large forest near Selesseh, Namoe Oekor, and from Ban-
dar Kwala in Serdang in March, April, May and June. The female
is much rarer, and lacks on the upperside the splendid orange gloss on
both wings. The silky “ male-mark ” of this species closely resembles
that organ in Biduanda cinesioides, de Nicéville, No. 486 below.
479, HoraGa HALBA, Distant.
Originally described from Penang. It occurs from Selesseh to
Bekantschan, and in the months of March, July and October. Very
rare, as Dr. Martin has not obtained more than four specimens in thir-
teen years.
480. CATAP&CILMA ELEGANS, Druce.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Common throughout the year over the
whole of our area with the exception of the higher elevations, and found
not only in forests, but also near roads, and settled on small bushes.
Dr. Martin has never seen this butterfly on the wing in the morning, it
appears very late in the day, at one or two o'clock P. m. The males are
very fond of fighting, but return always with great exactitude to the
leaf from which they started to do battle with the foe, which is usually
another male of the same species.
481. SEMANGA SUPERBA, Druce.
Hasirat: Borneo (Druce) ; Malacca, Malay Peninsula (Distant);
N.-E. Sumatra. .
Expanse: g, l:l inches.
Description: Matz. UPPERSIDE, both wings differ from those of
the female only in having the purple area considerably larger, more
shining and richer in shade. Forewing with the apex more acute and
the outer margin more convex than in the female. Hindwing lacks the
480 UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,
discal orange band of the female; the wing is also narrower and the
outer margin straighter. UNDERSIDE, both wings as in the female.
Grose Smith. In Sumatra it occurs rarely in the Battak mountains
and at Selesseh in July, August and October. |
482. BIDUANDA THESMIA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Staudinger. Distant. Very common in the forests
from the plains to the elevation of Bekantschan, and occurs all the year
round. Both sexes rest on the buds of some moderately high shrub,
with the head mostly downwards. It occurs exactly in the same locali-
ties and is quite as common as Marmessus moorei, Distant, which it
greatly resembles. If one species mimics the other it would be difficult
to say which is the model and which the one that copies it.
a
483. *BIDUANDA ESTELLA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Both sexes originally described
from Sumatra. As Hewitson does not mention any secondary sexual
characters in the malc, and the inner margin of the forewing as des-
cribed and figured is straight instead of bowed outwardly, it is more
than probable that it does not come into the genus Biduanda, as that
genus possesses male secondary sexual characters, but in the absence of
specimens I do not know where else to place it.
484. Bripuanpa scava, Hewitson.
Originally described from Singapore. In Sumatra it is found only
in the mountains at higher elevations, where it flies throughout the
year, as Dr. Martin possesses specimens from every month. It must
be very common under favourable conditions, as one collector once
brought in a consigninent of sixty specimens. The female is very rare.
485. BIDUANDA NICEVILLE, Doherty.
First discovered in Burma. Very rare in the Battak mountains,
Dr. Martin possesses three females only taken in January, March and
December. Dr. Martin thus describes his specimens, the female being
hitherto unknown. ‘“Femate. Expanse: 1:35 inches. UPPERSIDE,
forewing brown, in the middle somewhat brighter, more reddish. Cilia
dark brown. Hindwing with two subanal black spots, somewhat con-
fluent, bordered inwardly by a large pure white area which occupies
the posterior half of the wing; a fine anteciliary black line. Cilia
white, Tails three, white. UNDERSIDE, both wings as in the male.”
486. BRipUANDA CINESIOIDES, de Nicéville.
Originally described from the Malay Peninsula. Is not as rare as
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra, 481
the foregoing species, but is much rarer than the two other Diduandas.
Found in the Battak mountains in January, April, July and December.
The male has a very couspicuous sexual mark on the upperside of the
forewing.
487. Marmessus MooREI, Distant.
Hagen. Staudinger. Distant. Snellen. One of the commonest
lycænids of the forest of the plains and outer hills, and flies throughout
the year. Superficially very similar to Biduanda thesmia, Hewitson,
not only in coloration and form, but also in habits. Mr. Distant has
figured on pl. xliv, fig. 11 of Rhop. Malay. a very small female of this
species as a variety. Such dwarf forms in both sexes are not at all
rare in Sumatra.
488. Marmessus BOISDUVALIT, Moore.
Dr. Martin possesses a single pair which appertains to this species,
as they have a large discal orange patch on the upperside of the fore-
wing. They were taken in the Battak mountains in February.
489. *MarMessus RAVINDRA, Horsfield.
Hagen. Grose Smith, As this butterfly is found in Nias and
Java, it not improbably occurs in south-eastern Sumatra also.
490. EoOXYLIDES THARIS, Hübner.
Grose Smith. Moderately common in the low forests at Selesseh
and Namoe Oekor, and occurs throughout the year. It is rarer than
B. thesmia, Hewitson, and M. moorei, Distant.
491. Loxura ATYMNUS, Cramer.
Hagen.
492, Loxura cassiopeta, Distant.
Hagen. Originally described from Perak in the Malay Peninsula.
Both the species of Logura occur throughout the year at low elevations
not much higher than Namoe Oekor in forest or its margins. They
have a short and jerky flight, and are weak on the wing, never flying
for long distances. Í
493. Yasopa pita, Horsfield.
Grose Smith. Hagen. Originally described from Java.
482 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
494, Yasopa PITANE, de Nicéville.
Y. pitane, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 50, n. 10,
pl. L, fig. 5, male (1893).
The female of this species still awaits discovery. Both species of
Yasoda occur only at high clevations, Y. pita, Horsfield, in March,
October and December at Soengei Batoe, Y. pitane only on the Central
Plateau in March and August. Both are really and actually rare
butterflies.
495. ARAOTES LAPITHIS, Moore.
Found from Selesseh to Bekantschan, and is moderately rare in
forests from March to August. On the wing its habits are like those
of M. moorei, Distant, and, as the white band on the underside of the
forewing is not seen when resting with closed wings, is often taken
for that common species, and thus escapes being captured.
496. SItTHON NEDYMOND, Cramer.
q
Grose Smith as nedymond and chitra. Hagen as nedymond and chitra.
Staudinger. Kirby. Distant. ©. nedymond is the male and S. chitra,
Horsfield, the female of one and the same species. Occurs over the
whole of our area, as We possess specimens from Stabat, Selesseh,
Namoe Oekor, and from the Battak mountains, taken from March to
August, and October to December. In primeval forest on low bushes,
mostly resting on the underside of leaves. S. nedymond and 8. chitra
are always taken at the same time and in the same localities, though
we have never succeeded in getting them paired. The species is far
less rare than it was formerly believed to be.
497. DEUDORIX EPIJARBAS, Moore.
Moderately rare in forests from Selesseh to Bekantschan, the
female much rarer than the male. Males differ greatly in size, from
1:2 to 1°7 inches. Flies from March to August and again in December.
498. ZINASPA DISTORTA, de Nicéville.
A rare butterfly here as elsewhere, Dr. Martin has only four
specimens, three males and one female, the latter captured in January,
the former from June to August. Occurs from Namoe Oekor to
Soengei Batoe.
499. RapaLa DELIOCHUS, Hewitson.
A very rare species. I caught a single male at Selesseh in October.
Dr. Martin possesses a few of both sexes from Selesseh to Bekantschan
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 483
taken in May, June, July and October. The males vary greatly in
size, the smallest measures ‘95 of an inch, the largest 1°35 inches.
The markings and coloration of the underside remind one of those of
Lampides, which is considered to be a protected genus, and may perhaps
to some extent account for the scarceness of specimens of R. deliochus
in collections, as they are passed over for the common species of
Lampides which they may mimick.
500. Rapata RHa@cuS, de Nicéville.
R. rhecus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 319, n. 35, pl. P,
fig. 47, male (1895); idem, id., l.c., vol. x, p. , n. 27, pl. T, fig. 40, female (1896).
Taken at Bekantschan and in the Battak mountains, where this
fine species is fairly common in May and July, rarer in March, April
and October. The female on'the upperside is somewhat marked with
red on both wings, on the inner margin of the forewing, and near the
anal angle of the hindwing, an unusual feature in this genus.
501. RAPALA SCHISTACEA, Moore.
A few specimens only from Selesseh taken in May and June.
502. RAPALA SCINTILLA, de Nicéville.
Hitherto known from Sikhim only. Its occurrence so far south
is very interesting. It is quite a distinct species, which can always
be discriminated in both sexes by the peculiar coloration of the under-
side alone, though as regards the male the restriction of the blue
gloss to the upperside of the hindwing best distinguishes that sex.
In Sumatra it is commoner than R. schistacea, Moore, and is found
from Selesseh to Bekantschan from March to June.
503. RAPALA ORSEIS, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Distant. Originally described
from Sumatra, certainly the commonest species of the genus, and
found from Bindjei to Soengei Batoe throughout the year.
504. *RAPALA CHOZEBA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith as var. chozeba. Hagen as Deudoryzx [sic]
chozeba. Kirby. Originally described from Sumatra. We have failed
to recognise it. Itis very near to R. orseis, Hewitson.
505. RAPALA NISSA, Kollar.
Only two females taken in the Battak mountains in October, 1893.
J. 11 6l
484 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
506. RAPALA ABNoRMIS, Elwes.
R. abnormis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 642, pl. xliv, fig. 2, male.
Originally described from the Karen Hills, Burma. A very rare
species with the underside quite uniquely marked. Three specimens
from the Battak mountains in July.
507. RAPALA PHERITIMA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Borneo (Sarawak). It is recorded by
Moore in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 528, from Tounghoo in Burma,
Singapore, and Sumatra, but not from Borneo, from whence the type
came. Dr. Martin obtained a single pair in Indragiri in Eastern
Sumatra in February.
508. RAPALA RHODOPIS, de Nicéviile. `
R. rhodopis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, pe , n. 28,
pl. T, figs. 41, male; 42, female (1896).
Occurs rarely in the Battak mountains in March, May, July, August,
and September, and again in December. Also one male taken at
Selesseh.
509. RAPALA RHODA, de Nicéville.
R. rhoda, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. , n. 29, pl. T,
figs. 48, male ; 44, female (1896).
Described from a single pair obtained in the Battak mountains in
February.
510. RAPALA surrusa, Moore.
Originally described from Burma, found alsoin Assam. Rare in
Sumatra, Dr, Martin possesses only two females, and I three males and
two females taken at low elevations.
511. *RapaLa MELAMPUS, Cramer.
Snellen as Deudoryx [sic] melampus. Hagen as Deudoryx [sic]
melampus. As Heer P. C. T. Snellen has recorded this species in two of
his papers on the butterflies of Sumatra as well as Dr. Hagen, there can
be no reasonable doubt that it occurs in the island, though we have not
met with it.
512. RAPALA JARBAS, Fabricius.
Next to R. orseis, Hewitson, this is the commonest species of the
genus in Sumatra at low elevations, not higher than Namoe Oekor.
1895.] L.de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 485
Occurs not only in forest, but also in gardens and near houses. It
often flies very late in the afternoon, Dr. Martin has taken it between
5 and 6 P.M.
513. RAPALA XENOPHON, Fabricius.
Distant. Much rarer than R. jurbas, Fabricius, and occurs at a
higher elevation from Selesseh to Bekantschan. We have specimens
taken in March, July, and December only.
514. Rapata pomit, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Dr. Martin obtained a single female in November atb
Kepras. Itis a most aberrantly-marked and coloured species.
515. BINDAHARA PHOCIDES, Fabricius.
Very rare in Sumatra, Dr. Martin in thirteen years having obtained
only three males and one female in February, May, and July. Only
from higher elevations in the Battak mountains. Distant’s figure of
the species (Rhop. Malay., pl. xx, fig. 25, female) is an exceptionally
bad one. The males vary greatly in size, the smallest measuring 1°35,
the largest 175 inches; Dr. Martin’s only female taken in February
measures 1°6 inches.
516. BINDAHARA SUGRIVA, Horsfield.
One male only, taken in the Battak mountains in July. It is on
the underside of both wings very similar to the same sex of B. phocides,
Fabricius, but it has on the upperside of the hindwing a blue band
extending along the margin from the apex to the third median
nervule, and increasing in breadth posteriorly. The occurrence of this
species recorded from South India, Ceylon and Java, together with
B. phocides, Fabricius, (which has no blue band in*the male), recorded
from Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma, the Andaman Isles, the Malay
Peninsula, and Nias, in North-Eastern Sumatra is a very interesting
fact. Mr. W. H. Miskin records B. sugriva from Cape York in North
Australia, the Solomon Islands, and the Aru Islands, but in my opinion
these specimens are probably not typical, but represent distinct local
races.
517. *SrintHusa NASAKA, Horsfield.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Java, so that it is quite
possible it occurs also in Sumatra though we have not met with it,
especially as it is found again in Northern India.
486 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3.
518. SINTHUSA AMBA, Kirby.
Originally described from Malacca, occurs also in Burma.
519. SINTHUSA MALIKA, Horsfield.
9. malika, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lziii, pt. 2, p. 43, n. 37, pl. v,
figs. 18, male; 6, female (1894).
Snellen. Grose Smith. Kirby. This species and S. amba, Kirby,
occur in the mountains rarely at higher elevations south of Bekant-
schan. Of ©. amba Dr. Martin possesses specimens taken in April and
May, and again in July and August, and ©. malika in March and April,
June and July, and October and December, so of the former there may
be two, and of the latter three generations in the year,
Family PAPILIONIDA.
Subfamily Prerivz.
520. Leptosta XIPHIA, Fabricius.
Snellen as nina. Wallace as nina. Hagen as nina. Distant.
Very weak and slow on the wing, and behaves exactly as the European
Leptidia (= Leucophasia) sinapis, Linneeus, does, flying near the ground
and seldom settling. It has been well named “The Wandering Snow-
flake.” Occurs in open places in forests or on their margins, from
Selesseh to Bekantschan, rather rare than common, occurs ail the year
round except possibly in June, from which month Dr. Martin does not
possess any specimens with dates.
521. *Devias ninus, Wallace,
Hagen as ninus and dione. Staudinger as dione. Originally des-
cribed from Mount Ophir, Malacca, Malay Peninsula. Dr. Hagen
records it from the Karo mountains. We have not met with it. Accord-
ing to von Mitis (Iris, vol. vi, p. 100, n. 5 (1893), D. aglaia, Linnzus, is
an older name for D. dione, Drury, that species however being confined
to the Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, and China. Von Mitis
restricts D. ninus to the Malay Peninsula,
522. *DELIAS PARTHENOPE, Wallace.
Hagen. Mitis. Originally described from Singapore and Borneo.
Not obtained by us. Dr. Hagen says it is found ouly on the alluvial
plain near the sea, is the only butterfly of the mangrove forest, and
is even sometimes observed at sea.
m
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 487
523. *DELIAS EGIALEA, Cramer.
Wallace. Snellen. Staudinger. Kirby. A Javan species, which
may perhaps occur at the south-eastern end of Sumatra.
524. DELIAS TOBAHANA, Rogenhofer.
D. tobahana, Rogenhofer, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xlii, p. 571, n. 1
(1893); id., Mitis, Iris, vol. vi, p. 102, n. 18, pl. ii, fig. 1, female (end of January,
1893).
D. derceto, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 557, n. 12
(23rd April, 1893) ; idem, id., l. c., vol. viii, p. 52, n. 12, pl. L, fig. 4, male (1893).
Rogenhofer. Hagen. Originally described by Herr Rogenhofer
and I from Sumatra. Found only on the Central Plateau in the Toba
and Karo districts, where it is by no means common, and strange to say,
the males rarer than the females. Dr. Martin has specimens taken only
in March, May, June, July, and September. It is of very delicate struc-
ture, and seldom seen perfect.
525. DELIAS BELLADONNA, Fabricius.
Pieris chrysorrhea, Vollenhoven, Mon. Piérides, p. 6, n. 3, pl. ii, fig. 4, male
(1865).
Kirby as chrysorrhea [sic]. I do not propose in this place to
discuss the innumerable forms of this species which have been
described and named, of which von Mitis enumerates seven “ varieties”
besides the type, and has omitted two others, D. hearseyi and D. boylex,
both of Butler. To these names I have to add the “ Pieris” chrysorrhea
of Vollenhoven, described from the mountains in the interior of
Sumatra. This species does not appear to have ever been properly
understood, even von Mitis in his recent Monograph of the gerus
does not put it in the same group as D. belladonna. The figure differs
from our specimens of D. belladonna from the Battak mountains in
having the white areas on the upperside of both wings, but especially
of the hindwing, larger and more or less coalescing. The figure does
not show the characteristic yellow spot at the base of the hindwing
on the upperside owing to the way the specimen drawn was set, the
costa of the hindwing being broadly covered over by the forewing.
The non-perception of this spot is probably the cause that the species
appears never to have beeu recognised until now, combined with the
fact that D. belladonna in none of its forms was ever suspected to
occur in the region of the equator. The vast stretch of country between
Assam, the most southernly point hitherto known for D. belladonna,
and Sumatra has however been partially bridged over by the discovery
of the butterfly by Capt. E. Y. Watson in the Chin and Shan Hills of
Yr
488 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3, -
Upper Burma, and by Colonel C. T. Bingham at the top of Mooleit
mountain and at a lower elevation in the Daunat Range, both
in Middle Tenasserim, Burma. The Burmese and Sumatran speci-
mens in our collection quite agree, and would probably be called
var. amarantha, Mitis, by the describer, who gives Darjiling as the
habitat of that form. In Sumatra it is very rare, occurring only at
Soengei Batoe and on the Central Plateau, Dr. Martin in thirteen
years collecting only obtained ten specimens, of which seven were
captured in June and July, and one each in January, March, and October.
All these specimens shew but little variation in colouring and markings,
The single female Dr. Mertin possesses has the ground-colour slightly
lighter than in the male, more brown than black, the spots on both
wings are larger and more yellow, in the male they are whitish, and
the anal area is pale yellow instead of dark yellow as in the male.
Dr. Martin gives the expanse of his male specimens as 1°8 to 2'4, of
the female 2°3 inches, hence they average somewhat less than specimens
from the Eastern Himalayas. Since the above was in type I have seen
Heer P. ©. T. Snellen’s note on this species in Tijd. voor Ent.,
vol, xxxviil, p. 26 (1895), in which he calls P. chrysorrhea a small local
varicty of P. belladonna.
526. Deras ciauce, Butler.
Snellen as belisama. Hagen as belisama, and belisama, var. glauce.
Wallace as belisama. Staudinger as belisama. Kirby as belisama.
Grose Smith. The true D. belisama of Cramer, is, I believe, confined
to Java, while D. glauce takcs its place in Borneo and Sumatra. It
is common on the Ceutral Plateau round the Battak kampongs, where
it. frequents the red flowers of the “ Datap” trees (Erythrina indica,
Lam.), according to Dr. Hagen. Dr. Martin has obtained a few
specimens also from Soengei Batoe and even from Bekantschan, where
they may perhaps have been carried by one of the frequent heavy
storms that occur in the mountains. The female is very melanic in its
colouring, as the white areas on the upperside of both wings in the
male are very greatly reduced in the female. It occurs most commonly
from May to July, but it flies in every month in the year.
527. DELIAS HYPARETE, Linnaeus.
Hagen. Wallace. Common over the whole of our area, even on
the Central Plateau, mostly in orchards near houses, as the species
of Viscum ou which the larva feeds grows very frequently upon fruit-
trees, especially on Anonacee. If flies throughout the year, but is most
abundant in May. The larva is yellow and hairy; the pupa is dark
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 489
yellow with deep shining black (as if varnished) spots. The males
are very fond of flowers, on which they settle with closed wings like
an Euplea. It is almost certain that all the species of Delias feed
in the larval state on Viscum and Loranthus which are found everywhere,
and as there are species of Loranthacex occurring also on Rhizophores
(Mangrove trees) on the sea beach, the strange fact which has
been observed by Dr. Hagen that D. parthenope, Wallace, is the only:
butterfly found in the Mangrove forests, is explained.
528. DELIAS SINGHAPURA, Wallace.
Hagen. One female only obtained near Selesseh in June, 1894.
529. DELIAS DANALA, de Nicéville.
D. danala, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 51, n. 1),
pl. L, fig. 9, male (1893).
D. karo, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 33, n. 61, pl. i, fig. 4, male (1894).
Hagen as karo.
530. DELIAS HAGENI, Rogenhofer.
D. hageni, Rogenhofer, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xlii, p. 572, n. 2,
(end of January, 1893); id, Mitis, Iris, vol. vi, p. 113, n. 75, pl. iii, fig. 5, male
(1893).
D. datames, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 557, n. 10
(23rd April, 1893) ; idem, id., 1. c., vol. viii, p. 53, n. 13, pl. L, fig. 8, male (1893).
D. simanabum, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 34, n. 63, pl. i, fig. 3, female (1894),
Hagen as hageni and simanabum. Both D. hageni and D. danala,
de Nicéville, occur only at the elevation of Soengei Batoe and on the
Central Plateau ; they are most numerous from June to August, during
the other months of the year but few specimens have been obtained.
531. PRIONERIS CLEMANTHE, Doubleday.
Hagen. Rare in our area, a few specimens only from near Selesseh
including one of the excessively rare females. Like Hebomoia borneénsis,
Wallace, it is more common on our western boundary, as the Gayoe
collectors have brought in males in large numbers, Flies from January
to June, but is most abundant in February.
532. PRIONERIS HYPSIPYLE, Weymer.
P. hypsipyle, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 12, n. 10, pl. i, fig. 1, male
(1887).
Hagen as hypsypule [sic]. My female differs from the male only
in the forewing being blunter, less produced at the apex. Dr. Martin
490 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
and I have obtained a single example each of this sex. The male is.
somewhat variable, in some specimens more than half the discoidal cell
on the underside of the hindwing is black, with a very small basal
vermilion patch, while in others there is no black coloration in the cell
at all, and the vermilion patch is very large. Intermediate examples
occur between these two extremes. Both sexes are quite distinct from
the Javan P. autothisbe, Hübner. The males are very common, quite as
common as are LHiposcritia pandione, Hübner, and H. cardena, Hewitson,
all through the year at Soengei Batoe and on the Central Platean,
where in every month hundreds of males are brought in by the collectors.
Both sexes mimic Delias glauce, Butler. Dr. Martin thus describes his
female example, which was taken in March, 1893 :—“ Mimics the same
sex of D. glauce, Butler. The outline of the forewing is quite rounded
like that of a Delias, and the costa of course i3 not serrated. The base
of the costa of the forewing on the upperside has two minute sulphur-
yellow streaks which in the male are black. The upperside of the
forewing has a more bluish and the hindwing a more reddish and
transparent colour than in the male. The white spots at the apex and
on the outer margin of the forewing both above and below are very
much reduced, the inner scries entirely wanting except the anteriormost
spot, the outer series consisting of five spots, in the male there are six,
which are indistinct, obsolete, and whitish. The underside of both
wings is duller than in the male.”
533. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer.
Hagen as crocale (1775), catilla (1779), and pomona (1775).
Wallace as alemeone, Cramer (1777). Grose Smith. Butler. Distant.
This is the largest and commonest species of Catopsilia occurring
in Sumatra. Most authors retain O. catilla, Cramer, as a species
distinct from C, crocale. I have bred both species from found
larve (not from the egg laid by a known female in confinement,
which is practically the only conclusive test of the distinctness of
species), and have failed to discover any differences in the larva and
pupa of the two supposed distinct species. My opinion is that C. crocale
is extremely variable, and that the variations uoted are not due to
seasonal causes. Dr. Martin does not agrce with me that we have here
to deal with one protean species, but maintains that there are really
two quite distinct species. At his request I give below his reasons for
this conclusion. I may add that I have carefully examined a very large
mass of material in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and
my own, and find that the distinctive characters on which Dr. Martin
relies to separate them are all quite inconstant. and entirely break
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 491
down, the black antenne of O. crocale being sometimes found with the
ocellated underside of O. catilla, and vice versa. The restriction of the
yellow coloration of the upperside of both wings of the male to the
basal area, or its equal diffusion over the whole surface, correlated with
the presence or absence of the ocelli on the underside, is also quite
an unstable feature by which to distinguish the two species. Dr. Martin
writes :—
“ I am quite unable to follow Mr. de Nicéville in his amalgamation
of O. crocale and O. catilla, and am forced to keep them separate for the
following reasons :—
“ O. crocale, the far commoner species, occurs in Sumatra on roads,
near houses and gardens, and is never found in the forest. It some-
times appears in large numbers, in which case the larve are very
destructive, as in January, 1893, near the Poengei Estate, five kilometers
north of Bindjei, they destroyed in a short time a fine plantation of
young iron-wood trees, Cassia florida, Vahl., valued at least at $ 3,000,
by eating up all the leaves and suffocating the plants. All the grass
and every low shrub near this murdered plantation was covered with
the pupæ, and after the butterflies had emerged, the whole place looked
as if there was a heavy snow-storm in progress, the air being full of
large flakes of snow. I took there many hundreds of specimens of both
sexes, but amongst them was not a single O. catilla. This seems to
me to be an abundantly conclusive fact. The antenne of C. crocale are
black in both sexes, and the males have the underside of both wings simply
yellow and white of a washed-out shade. The tuft of hair on the inner
margin of the forewing is whitish. There are two forms of the female
of C. crocale:—I, the form figured by Distant in Rhopalocera Malayana,
pl. xxv, fig. 12, without any yellow colour near the base of both wings
on the upperside; Sumatran specimens are even somewhat darker
than Distant’s figure, and show on the upperside of the hindwing
four or five submarginal black lunules, this form being the rarer one.
II, the commoner form is brighter, not so black as the first form, the
basal half of the upperside of both wings is nearly as yellow as in the
male, the black markings on the costa, apex, at the end of the discoidal
cell, and the outer margin of the forewing on the upperside are sharper
defined. C. crocale is enormously common, and occurs throughout
the year; the males are fond of flowers, and especially of the Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis, Linneeus, to the deep crimson cups of which they present
a beautiful contrast when settled. The larva feeds on the leaves of the
above-mentioned Oassia florida, and sometimes in company with Catopsilia
pyranthe, Linneeus, on Cassia alata, Linneus, and is of a yellowish-green
or yellowish-brown colour, with a lateral blackish-brown streak. The
J. 11 62
492 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
pupa, suspended by a white median girth, is green with a yellow
lateral streak and a very pointed head.”
“« Q. catilla is found only in the forest, the males on forest road
on wet spots together with Lycænidæ and Papilioninæ, but they form
the larger number of such congregations, and often occur in such large
crowds that dog-cart horses get frightened on approaching one of these
white spots on the road, which all at once flutters up into the air with
an audible sound. If driven away from these favourite spots, they fly
rapidly in Indian file up and down the forest roads, and fall in again
on the same spot when the danger is passed. ©. catilla appears never
to be a destructive insect as is C. crocale at times. The antenne in
both sexes are distinctly red. The male has on the underside of both
wings at the termination of the discoidal cell some red spots, one in
the forewing, two in the hindwing, the latter with silvery centres.
The sexual tuft of hair is of a darker shade of yellow than in C. crocale,
and the whole colouring of the underside is of a dull, silky, or leather-
like gloss. There is also on the underside of the forewing a somewhat
obscure reddish band, commencing near the apex of the wing, and
extending towards the middle of the inner margin, ending on the
second median nervule. C. catilla also has two forms of female :—I,
the form figured by Distant on pl. xxv, fig. 15, which exhibits nu-
merous varieties as regards the extent of the reddish-brown colour
on the underside of both wings, there being all gradations from speci-
mens with very little red to quite dark ones. II, the second form is
on the upperside of both wings pale sulphur-yellow, and not dark
yellow as in the first form, and the costal and marginal black spots
on the upperside of both wings are not so distinct; on the underside
there is never any reddish-brown colouring. This form is the rarer,
I have always obtained one of it to five of the other. I am
entirely ignorant of the larva, pupa, and food-plant of C. catilla;
but as the larval stages of the two other Catopsilias occurring
in Snmatra, C. pyranthe, Linneus, and C. scylla, Linneus, which
I know very well, differ only slightly from those of O. crocale, it
may be anticipated that the early stages of C. catilla also possess the
same characteristics. OC. crocale, O. pyranthe, and O. scylla I have bred
on different species of Cassia, so also C. caitlla will probably be found
some day in the larval stage feeding on a Cassia growing in the forest.”
534. CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE, Linneus.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Wallace. Hagen as pyranthe, philippina
and chryseis. Distant as chryseis, The form of this species found in
Sumatra has in both sexes on the upperside of the forewing a broad
1895.] L. de Nicévilie & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 493
outer black margin, this form being the C. chryseis of Drury. It is
quite typical throughout the Malay Peninsula, but when it reaches the
latitude of Burma it gradually merges into typical O. pyranthe, which
latter is found all over India and Ceylon. It is not seasonally dimor-
phic in Sumatra as it is in India. In our area it is found only at low
elevations, not higher than Namoe Oekor, where it is local owing to
the presence or absence of Cassia alata, Linneus, the food-plant of
its larva. As this tree is very partial to swampy ground, and even
grows in swamps with brackish water, C. pyranthe occurs very near
the sea, and flies all the year round. It has only one form of female,
but it is variable, some specimens being much more melanic than
others. The larva is quite green, without the lateral brown streak of
C. crocale, Cramer. The pupa has a blunt rounded head, not a pointed
one as in C. crocale.
535. (ATOPSILIA SCYLLA, Linneus.
Snellen. Grose Smith. Hagen. Kirby. Distant. Wallace.
Dr. B. Hagen informed Dr. Martin that this species was net at all rare
near Medan, the capital of the Deli district, from 1879 to 1882.
Dr. Martin had never seen it in the plains, and had received a few
specimens only from the Central Plateau from Battak collectors. In
Penang and Singapore on the mainland of Asia it is always very com-
mon in gardens. So Dr. Martin would hardly believe Dr. Hagen
that C. scylla belonged to the fauna of the plains of Sumatra, especially
as Dr. Martin never saw or obtained any specimens from 1882 to
1894. Suddenly in August and September of the latter year, after
nearly twelve years interval, C. scylla appeared everywhere in Deli
and Langkat in suitable places such as gardens and fallow-land near
houses where Cassia sophera, Linneeus, the food-plant of the larva,
grows. Since then C. scylla belongs to our fauna, although it is the
rarest of all our Catopsilias, and we would call attention to the in-
teresting fact that a butterfly has disappeared for twelve years from
a spot in every way apparently suitable for its existence, and has again
reinstated itself by immigration from the south-west (the Battak and
Gayoe mountains) or from the east (the Malay Peninsula over the
shallow Straits of Malacca). The larva is dark velvety-green, with
a yellowish-white lateral streak, and some very minute black spots
on each segment anterior to the streak, the whole surface delicately
ringed or indented like a leech. The pupa has a pointed head like
that of C. crocale, Cramer, but is shorter and more convex than the
slender pupa of that species.
494 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
536. UpAIANA CYNIS, Hewitson.
Pieris cynis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iii, pl. Pieris viii, fig. 54, male (1866).
Udaiana pryeri, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 301 (1885).
Udaiana androides, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 32 (1894).
Hewitson. Wallace. Butler. Kirby. Distant. Hagen as cynis
and androides. Originally described from Sumatra, I have a large
series of both sexes of this species in my collection from three
distinct localities, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. In
all of these they present exactly similar and parallel variations. The
males have the underside of the hindwing (1) entirely pure white,
(2) with the base sprinkled with greenish-fuscous scales, (3) with the
base heavily marked with a broad black band, beyond which, crossing
the disc of the wing but not reaching the costa or abdominal margin, is
a fuscous rather broad line or fascia, and every gradation exists þe-
tween these three forms. The latter form is the U. pryeri of Distant,
described from North Borneo. The females vary greatly in the extent
of the development of the fuscous coloration on the upperside of both
wings, in the palest form, which has been named U. androides by Hagen,
this is hardly more extensive than in the male, while every gradation
exists until the darkest form figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay.,
pl. xxvi, fig. 6, is reached. In the case of U. cynis, U. pryert, and
U. androides I am sure we have to do with onc protean species only. In
this Dr. Martin entirely agrces with me for the reason that he has
caught all threc forms at the same time in the forest near Selesseh.
U. cynis is found exclusively in the forest and throughout the year, but
only at low elevations not higher than Namoe Oekor. The males some-
times come to wet spots on roads together with Catopsilia catilla,
Cramer, and species of Terias; the females are captured on the green
flowers of a low creeper in the forest. U. cynis never occurs in the
black-soil-forests of Deli, but as soon as the red-soil-forests of too
and Serdang are entered there it appears at once.
537. TERIAS HARINA, Horsfield.
Hagen. Wallace. This is the true Terias of the forest, where it is
found somewhat rarely frequenting flowers together with species of
Zemeros and females of Lycenide. It is found throughout our area,
with perhaps the exception of the Central Plateau, and flies throughout
the year.
538. Terias LipyrHes, Fabricius.
Snellen as brigitta. Hagen as brigitta, var. drona, and drona. The
“ Papilio” brigitta of Cramer was described from “ La Côte de Guinée.”
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra, 495
It is treated by Trimen as a purely African butterfly. The original
figure does not at all agree with the original figure of T. drona, Hors-
field = T. libythea, Fabricius, as it has no black border to the hindwing
on the upperside. Watson in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p. 515 (1894) says that T. drona as identified in the British Museum has
the “marginal band of hindwing evenly narrow throughout.” This is
incorrect, as a glance at the original figure will show, at the costa it is
broad, fining away to nothing at the anal angle. Butler states in
Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvii, p. 221 (1886) that
the unique specimen described by Horsfield is a female. I doubt
this, I should say it was a male, as it is clear yellow on the upperside;
were it a female it would have a heavy sprinkling throughout of black
dots. It therefore agrees in this character with T. libythea, which is
defined by Watson as having the “marginal band of hindwing broad
at apex and narrow at anal angle.” Butler in Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M.,
p. 227, says that T. libythea is “an unspotted variety of Horsfield’s
T, drona.’ From a careful examination of my series of Terias of this
group, it appears to me that T. libythea (following the identification
of this species in the British Museum) is the dry-season form, with
T. rubella, Wallace, as a synonym, and T. drona the wet-season form,
with T. senna, Felder, as a synonym, of one and the same species.
The wet-season form (T. drona) alone occurs in Sumatra. In Sumatra
it is found only on the Central Plateau of Tobah and Karo, and even
there is not very numerous and occurs only at certain times. Though
the collectors were instructed always to catch this species when they
could, they only brought in specimens in December and January, when
it appears to be common, and in May and July, when it appears to be
rare, and not a single one in any other month, so the species in
Sumatra would appear to be double-brooded.
539. TERIAS TILAHA, Horsfield.
Hagen. Sumatran specimens have æ reniform mark at the end,
and a W-shaped mark at the middle of the discoidal cell of the forewing
on the underside. The female is paler on both surfaces than the male,
of a lighter more gamboge-yellow colour, with the marginal band on
the upperside of the hindwing twice as broad, narrow at the apex, very
broad at the anal angle, and extending on to the disc on either side of
the submedian nervure. It is the rarest Tertas of our area, found
throughout the year on the outer mountains and also in the plains, as
several specimens have been obtained at Selesseh, though Dr. Hagen
says that it is not found below an elevation of 500 feet. In 1887 Dr.
Martin took a specimen at the Terdjoen Estate very near the sea. It
496 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
must be more common in the Gayoe-lands, as the Gayoe collectors
always brought it in largely.
540. Terias sari, Horsfield.
Wallace. Distant. This species is well figured by Distant, and
by Snellen in Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, pl. i, figs. 8, 9, male (1892),
as T. hecabe, Linnzeus, var. two. The Sumatran is absolutely identical with
the Indian form. Both sexes have a double line at the end and a small
linear marking at the middle of the discoidal cell of the forewing on the
underside. The female is of a paler yellow colour than the male, with
the marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing twice as broad
throughout its length, posteriorly inwardly diffused and powdery.
1'. sodalis, Moore, described from the Mergui Archipelago in Lower
Burma, the types of which are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, is a
synonym of T. sari. Moore says his species is smaller than T. sari,
but we have Sumatran specimens quite as small, but the marginal band
on the upperside of the hindwing in both sexes is certainly somewhat
narrower in both sexes of T. sodalis than in T. sari, but this very
poor character is not in my opinion sufficient to separate the two
specifically.
541. Terras TOBA, de Nicéville, n. sp.
Hasirat: N.-E, Sumatra.
Expanse: g, 1-2 and 16; ¢, 1'6 inches.
Description: This species has been well figured by Snellen in
Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, pl. i, figs. 10, 11, female (1892), as
T., hecabe, Linneus, var. one. It appears to be allied to 7. sari, Hors-
field, and has in both sexes a double line at the end, and two (instead
of one) small markings towards the base of the discoidal cell. Like
T. sari, it has the cilia of both wings black. It differs, markedly,
however, from that species in its much smaller size; its very pale
primrose colour (T. sari is dark yellow) ; in the very large apical brown
patch on the underside of the forewing of T. sari reduced to a small
linear brown band, and the oblique brown marking at the oater
angle of T. sari altogether absent. The ‘‘ male-mark” in this form is
short, broad, aud very prominent. The female is even paler yellow than
the male, being almost as white as in the same sex of T. harina,
Horsfield. The marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing is
twice as broad as it is in the male, being of the same width as in
the male of T. tilaha, Horsfield. It is possible that the male of
T, toba has been figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay., pl. xxvi, fig. 13,
male, as T. senna, Felder. True T. senna (see No. 538 above) belongs
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 497
to quite a different group, T. toba being of the hecabe group. Described
from two males and one female.
542. TERIAS ANDERSONII, Moore.
This also appears to be allied to T. sari, Horsfield, the males are the
same size, the ‘male-mark” is the same, not as in the preceding
species, it agrees with T. sari also in the markings of the discoidal
cell of the forewing on the underside ; differing, however, in its paler
colour, though it is not as pale as the preceding species; in having
on the underside of the forewing either no apical brown patch or a very
small linear one, and no oblique brown marking at the outer angle as
T, sarit has. The cilia is black asin T. sari. It differs only from the
types of T. andersonii now before me in its usually rather larger size
and somewhat paler coloration on both surfaces. One specimen agrees
in all respects with Distant’s figure of T. senna, Felder, Rhop. Malay.,
pl. xxv, fig. 14, female, in having the markings of the underside entirely
obliterated.
543, TERAS HECABE, Linneeus.
Hagen. Suellen. Grose Smith. Wallace. Distant. This species
has been well figured by Snellen in Midden-Sumatra, Lepidopitcra, pl. i,
figs. 6, 7 male [nec female] type (1892), see his Index to the Plates, p. 85.
According to Capt. E. Y. Watson (Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p. 509 (1894), T. hecabe may be known by never having “ More than two
streaks cr spots in the discoidal cell on the underside of the forewing in
addition to the reniform spot on the disco-cellular nervules.” He has
identified for me from Sumatra both the rainy-season form (true
T. hecabe and T. hecabeoides, Ménétriés), which has “No apical brown patch
on the underside of the forewing,” and the dry-season form ( T. excavata,
Moore), which has at the “ Apex of the forewing on the underside @
more or less strongly pronounced brown patch.” Seasonal forms in
Sumatra, are, I believe, quite unknown, so perhaps, as in the case of
Melanitis ismene, Cramer, the two forms, dry and wet, which are seasonal
in Iudia, occur together and without any reference to the dryness or
humidity of the atmosphere in Sumatra. T. hecabe is numerically by
far the commonest species of the gcnus in Sumatra, and Capt. Watson
has kindly identified six different varieties of it for me, some of which
he names T. hecabeoides, Ménétriés, T. excavata, Moore, T. swinhoer,
Butler, T. patruelis, Moore, and T. merguiana, Moore. It would, I
think, serve no useful purpose in our at present very superficial and
inadequate knowledge of the genus as represented in the Malay Archi-
pelago to define precisely all these varietal forms, some of which may
perhaps be distinct species. It remains for a local observer to breed
498 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
them carefully in large numbers from eggs laid in captivity, so as to
ascertain if these varieties are seasonal forms, true species, or individual
variations only. Dr. Wallace notes that “ The varieties of this species
are infinite over its extensive range, aud cannot be profitably separated.”
544, 'TERIAS SILHETANA, Wallace.
This species has been figured by Snellen in Midden-Sumatra,
Lepidoptera, pl. ii, figs. 12, 13, male (1892) as T. hecabe, Linneeuss
var. three. It seems to be rare in Sumatra, we possess but very few
specimens. It may be known by having three dark streaks or spots
(T. hecabe, Linneeus, has never more than two) in the discoidal cell of
the forewing on the underside in addition to the reniform spot on the
disco-cellular nervales. All our specimens are of the rainy-season form,
which has the apex of the forewing on the underside unmarked with
brown.
545. TERIAS tecmessa, de Nicéville, n. sp.
Terias sari, Horsfield, var. a, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 305, n. 3, pl. xxvi, fig. 3,
male (1885).
Hasrat: Penang, Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: g, 2'1 inches.
Description: Mare. Of large size and rich dark yellow color-
ation on both surfaces. UPPERSIDE, forewing exactly as in Sumatran
specimens of T. sari, Horsfield. Hindwing with the black margin
broad, but a little variable in breadth, its mner edge festooned between
the veins, dying away to nothing at the anal angle, the black border of
about the same width as in T. sari. UNDERSIDE, forewing with a
W-shaped brown marking near the base of the discoidal cell, a promi-
nent zigzaged one across its middle, and a prominent double linear one
at its outer end; a large brown apical patch as in T. sari, but always
bearing outwardly some suffused spots of the yellow ground-colour.
Hindwing marked as in T. sari, but the brown markings rather more
prominent. Cilia of both wings black throughout.
The large apical brown patch on the underside of the forewing
will at once separate it from all the named forms of T. hecabe, Linneeus,
known to me, but the patch is precisely similar to that found in India
in one of the dry-season forms of T. stlhetana, Wallace, that species,
however, having four instead of three disco-cellular markings; while
the presence of two markings in the discoidal cell besides the disco-
cellular one will distinguish it from T. sari.
Described from six males from N.-E. Sumatra and one from
Penang. The female is unknown.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 499
546. *Terras EUMIDE, Felder.
Grose Smith. Originally described from Celebes. Wailace gives
North Celebes and the Sula Islands as its habitat, with a “ var.” from
Batchian. We have seen nothing like it from Sumatra.
547. *TERIAS LATILIMBATA, Butler.
. T. latilimbata, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvii, p. 221,
pl. v, fig. 5 (1886).
Both sexes originally described from Sumatra.
548. *Turras BIDENS, Butler.
T. bidens, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvii, p. 222,
pl. v, fig. 7, female (1886).
Originally described from Sumatra from a female.
549. *Trrias semirvsca, Butler.
T. semifusca, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvii, p. 222,
pl. v, fig. 8, female (1886).
Originally described from Sumatra from a female. We are unable
to recognise any of these species of Mr. Butler’s.
All Terias are weak on the wing, fly slowly, and never leave the
ground for a high flight. They are all, with the except? 1 of T. harina,
Horsfield, found in open places, in gardens, on roads, and near houses,
the males frequently assembling in large numbers on wet spots on
roads and by the sides of rivers and streams. T. hecabe, Linneus,
sometimes appears in swarms, and its larva may then prove very des-
tructive to Cassia plantations. Cassia florida, Linnæus, is its favourite
food-plant, on which the eggs are sometimes deposited singly as are the
eggs of the Catopsilias, but sometimes on a single leaf a large number
are placed in a rhomboid shape. In the latter case the green pilose
larva with a yellowish-white lateral streak and a black head (all the
larve of Catopsilias have a head concolorous with the body) live in
societies, and the pupa are also suspended sociably, a fact not previously
we believe observed in Lepidoptera. If the pupa hang from leaves
they are green, if near the flowers of the Cassia they are yellow, and if
the caterpillars leave the food-plant and pupate on certain high
Graminexw they are blackish-brown like the seed of the grass. As the
pupe are arranged at regular distances apart, the deception is a
very good one and must greatly protect them, as men, animals and
birds at a superficial glance would take these pupæ to be only withered
flowers of the Cassia or ripe seeds of the grass. After six days in the
J. 1 63
500 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
pupa state the imago emerges. Though so weak and slow in flight,
they are very clever in avoiding being eaught by the net.
550. Dercas Goprias, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Wallace. Staudinger. Kirby. Distant. Hagen.
Is rather rare, and occurs from Bekantschan to the Central Plateau.
Collectors never bring in more than two or three specimens at one time.
We have specimens caught from February to August only.
551. IXIAS LUDEKINGII, Vollenhoven.
Hagen. Wallace. Kirby. Originally described from a male from
the mountainous country in the interior of Sumatra. It is very rare,
Dr. Martin has only two males taken in January of the last year of
his residence in Sumatra, one eaught in the Battak mountains at a high
elevation, the other taken near Bohorok near the western boundary of
our area, where also Dr, Dohrn’s eolleetor obtained several males.
w
552. IXIAS FLAVIPENNIS, Grose Smith,
I. flavipennis, Grose Smith, Nat. Wand. in the East. Arch., p. 275 (1885); id.,
Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Ex., p. 2, n.3, pl. Ixias i, figs. 6, 7, male [nec
female] (1888); id., Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. liii, p. 121 (1892).
Thestias flavipennis, Snellen, Tijd. voor. Ent., vol. xxxiv, p. 335, pl. xvi, figs. J,
2, male; 3, 4, female (1892).
Ixias pyritis, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 13, n. 11, pl. i, fig. 4, male
(1887).
Hagen. Snellen. Originally described from Sumatra where it
alone occurs and only at high elevations, from Socngei Batoe to the
Central Plateau, and the males are very common on the sandy banks
of little streams; the females, very rare and taken in the forest only,
eome to hand in the proportion of one to a hundred males. They
probably eseape eapture by the collectors owing to their white colour,
being mistaken for the common species of Catophaga and Hiposeritia.
Oceurs throughont the year, Dr. Martin has specimens taken in every
month. Both Drs. Martin and Hagen have obtained it from the Gayoe-
and Alas-lands, where the butterfly possibly occurs at a lower elevation
than in the Battak mountains.
553. CATOPHAGA NERO, Fabricius.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Wallace. Staudinger. Semper.
A very variable species in both sexes. Males from Sumatra have the
ground-colour on the upperside of both wings “ golden-yellow ” (Appias
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 501
figulina, Butler), rich orange, or deep crimson, with an equally inconstant
development of the black markings along the veins, and of the discal
fascia. The females also shew somewhat similar variations. Males are
not rare in large forest, and frequent wet spots on roads. Females are
very rare, Dr. Martin has only four specimens. It is found throughout
the year and over the whole of our area except at the higher elevations ;
even occurs near the sea, Dr. Martin having taken it at the Saentis
Estate. It flies very rapidly if pursued. The A. nebo, Grose Smith
and Kirby, Rhop. Ex., pl. Appias i, figs. 1, 2, mule (1894) described
from Upper Burma, and of which I possess both sexes from the same
locality taken in April, is I believe only a spring dry-season form of
C. nero. Other synonyms of this species appear to be Tachyris galha,
Wallace, described from N. India; Pieris domitia, Felder, described
from Luzon; Pieris zamboanga, Felder, described from Mindanao;
Pieris asterope, Felder, described from Luzon; Appias mindanensis,
Butler, from Mindanao ; and perhaps the Tachyris nero, var. palawanica,
Staudinger, described from Palawan, is hardly separable.
554. CATOPHAGA HIPPO, Cramer.
Grose Smith as enarete and lyncida. Hagen as lyncida and hippo.
Wallace. Staudinger as lyncida, var. hippo. Distant as enarete, var.
C. lyncida was described and figured by Cramer from a male speci-
men, the habitat given being “Surinam,” which, as in nearly all
similar cases, was probably a lapsus calami for Sumatra. ©. hippo,
Cramer, was figured and described from a female specimen, the habitat
given is “The west coast of Sumatra.” These two names may perhaps
represent opposite sexes of one and the same species; but as Wallace
says that “ Tachyris” hippo “ Is distinguished from its allies [‘ Papilio”
lyncida, &c.] by the clear ochre-yellow colour of the under surface of
the lower wings in both sexes,” I have used C. hippo for the species,
though O. lyncida is the older. The latter name applies to the Javan
form, which has the ground-colour of the underside of the hindwing
entirely white. The O. enarete of Boisduval was described from the
“ Moluccas,” probably in error, and is recorded by Dr. Wallace from
Borneo, and may perhaps be kept distinct from C. hippo, as it has
the outer black margin to the hindwing on the underside in the
male broader than in that species. C. hippo in Sumatra is a con-
stant species, and does not exhibit the great seasonal dimorphism which is
found in the Indian forms. Itis much commoner than O. nero, Fabri-
cius, and the females are not very rare. It is found throughout the
year, but only in or near the forest. The males often assemble twenty
or thirty together on a small puddle on the road, the female is found in
502 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
the forest hunting for flowers for herself, or for the food-plant of her larva..
Dr. Matin has often seen them on the same flower that is frequented
by the female of Udaiana cynis, Hewitson. He has bred the butterfly
from the larva found feeding ona small shrub called by the Battaks
“ Daoen Tangla,” which grows on the banks of rivers. The larva
superficially does not greatly differ from the larve of the Catopsilias, but
in shape is more slender. The pupa, however, is quite different, with
a stellar indented thorax. The imago emerges in seven days. Only
bred females have the beautiful olive-green colouring ; almost as soon as
they fly, this colour is bleached out. C. hippo occurs all over our
area, and is one of our most common butterflies,
555. CATOPHAGA LEIS, Hübner.
Hagen as amasene and leis. Distant. Wallace as alope. Grose
Smith as alope. I follow Mr. Distant in his identification of this
species, not having Hübner’s Zutraege Ex. Schmett. to consult; also in
considering C. alope, Wallace, from India, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo,
to be a synonym. OQ. amasene, Cramer, described from China, is super-
ficially like the male of C. leis, and probably Dr. Hagen identified this
species under that name. Semper identifies O. leis as “ Appias” agave,
Felder, from the Philippines. In Sumatra C. leis is restricted to the
plains, and is only found in forest throughout the year. The female
is very rare; the male comes to damp spots on forest roads as does
Catopsilia crocale, Cramer, aud many other Pierine. Common near
Paya Bakong, the small forest reserve mentioned in the Introduction
(page 359). Distant has well figured the male and two forms of the
female from the Malay Peninsula.
556. Catopmaca PAULINA, Cramer.
Grose Smith as albina and paulina. Hagen as paulina and albina.
Semper identifies this species from the Philippines as “ Appias” albina,
Boisduval. The male of C. paulina from Sumatra exhibits the same
variations as it does in India, some specimens on the upperside of the
forewing having a marginal black thread only, others have the apex
widely, the outer margin decreasingly to the outer angle, powdered with
black scales, while there is found every gradation between these two
extremes. There are three distinct forms of female, the first and
second are white on the upperside of both wings, the third is dark
primrose-yellow-coloured; on the underside of both wings the first is
of “ A glossy tint of pearly-white” as Wallace well expresses it, the
second lias the apex of the forewing and the entire hindwing rich
ochreous, the third has these arcas of a different shade, ochreous
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 503
diluted with pearly-white, the discal area of the forewing primrose-
yellow, with a broad dark gamboge-yellow area occupying the basal
two-thirds of the discoidal cell. Dr. Martin thinks that C. leis, Hübner,
and 0. paulina may be one and the same species, I keep them distinct
as I canfrom my Sumatran specimens separate them easily into two
species in both sexes. The male of C. leis has on the upperside of
the forewing an inner apical broad black band (vide Distant’s figure)
which is quite wanting in C. paulina; the female of C. leis has the base
of the forewing on the upperside more broadly black especially at the
inner margin than in C. paulina, the base of the hindwing also black,
in 0. paulina it is white, on the underside of the hindwing in O. leis
there is a submarginal series of suffused dark spots and the margin
itself is also blackish, while in C. paulina the hindwing is concolorous
throughout. In spite however of these apparently good differences it is
quite possible that specimens intergrading between the two species
may exist in Sumatra as they certainly doin India. Itis an insect of
the alluvial plain aud occurs in the forests, the males on roads with
C. leis, Hiibner, the females rarer and within the forest. It flies
throughout the year, and is common at Paya Bakong and near Selesseh,
not found higher than Bekantschan.
557. HIPOSCRITIA PANDIONE, Hübner.
Hagen. Staudinger. Grose Smith as lelage [sic]. The H. lalage
of Doubleday, from the Himalayas, Assam, and Burma, is quite distinct
from the present species. Males of H. pandione are very common at
high elevations from Soengei Batoe to the Central Plateau. The
Battak collectors often brought in hundreds of males, but never a
female. Occurs throughout the year, as we have specimens caught
in every month. Of late the Battaks received orders not to catch any
more specimens.
558. HIPOSCRITIA LEPTIS, Felder.
Staudinger. Distant as leptis, var. plana. Hagen as leptis, var.
plana. The Appias plana of Butler was described from Malacca and
Borneo, and cannot be retained as distinct from the present somewhat
variable species. H. leptis is rather rarer than H. pandione, Hübner,
and occurs throughout the year occasionally near Selesseh but commonly
at Bekantschan. The female is very rare, Dr. Martin possesses three
only, which present quite distinct indications of an obscure submarginal
fascia on the underside of the hindwing, which, however, is absent in
three females from Sumatra and one from Java in my collection.
504 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
559. HIPOSCRITIA CARDENA, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Wallace. Distant. Hagen. Quite as
common as H. pandione, Hübner, and occurs in the same localities
throughout the year. No female obtained.
560. SALETARA NATHALIA, Felder.
Grose Smith. Snellen as panda. Hagen. Wallace. Distant as
nathalia and panda. Mr. Distant records both S. panda, Godart, and
S. nathalia from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Dr. Wallace con-
siders that S. panda is confined to Java, while S. nathalia also occurs in
Java, and in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippine
Isles, and Celebes. §. panda in the male is known by the pale primrose-
yellow colour of the upperside, while S. nathaliais “ creamy white with
a faint grecnish tinge.” I greatly doubt if this character is sufficiently
constant to separate the two species, I have one specimen from Sumatra
which is quite intermediate between them. Mr. Distant considers that
S. nathalia having five [three according to my way of computing
them] subcostal nervules to the forewing in the male, while S. panda
has only four [two], while the females of both species has four [two],
is a charactcr by which the two species may be separated, though
he admits that he has a specimen of §. nathalia in which one wing
has the neuration of S. nathalia, while the other has that of S. panda.
In my series of thirty males of this genus, I have one from the Philip-
pines and one from Singapore with two subcostal nervules only, one
from Singapore, one from Great Nicobar, and one from Little Nicobar
with two subcostal nervales on one side only and three on the other,
while all the rest have three subcostal nervules on both sides. The
females secm to be more constant, having two subcostal nervules only in
all the specimens I have been able to examine. Neuration certainly
will not suflice to keep these two species distinct. I use Felder’s name
for the species as most of the writers on Sumatran butterflies have done
so, and as the majority of male specimens from thence agree with the
description of that species rather than with that of S. panda, the older
name. It has been beautifully figured by Heer P.C. T. Snellen as Pieris
panda, Godart, in Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, pl. ii, figs. 9, 10,
male; 6, 7, female (1892). It is found only in the forest at low ele-
vations, not higher than Namoe Oekor as far as we have noticed, but
Dr. Hagen mentions its occurrence on the Central Plateau. Not at
all common, and flies from March to July. The Saletara schoenbergi
of Semper, described from, Nias and South-East Borneo, also from Great
and Little Nicobar in my collection, has been described and figured by
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 505
Snellen in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxviii, p. 24, pl. i, fig. 3, male (1895), as
Pierts panda, Godart, var.
561. HEBOMOIA BORNEENSIS, Wallace.
Grose Smith as glauctppe. Snellen as glauctppe. Hagen as glau-
cippe, var. sumatrana, Hagen; and glaucippe, var. sumatrensis, Hagen.
Wallace as glaucippe. Distant as glaucippe. As will be seen above,
all authors have recorded this species as H. glaucippe, Linneus, except
Dr. Hagen, who in his first Sumatran paper calls it H. glauctppe, var.
sumutrana, and in his second paper H. glaucippe, var. sumatrensis, for the
reason that other local races have been named H. celebensis, Wallace,
H. borneénsis, Wallace, H. philippensis, Wallace, and H. javanensis, Wallace
[nec javaensis, Hagen]. But Dr. Hagen’s names cannot stand, as the
Sumatran race is identical with the Bornean one which has already been
named, and has the orange apical area on the upperside of the forewing
in the male reduced to a patch half as large as that found in true
H. glaucippe from North India, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula.
The South Indian and Ceylonese form strangely enough agrees with
the Javan, and should therefore be known as H. juranensis, Wallace.
H. borneénsis is rare in our area. Dr. Martin has only once at Namoe
Oekor captured a specimen himself, and Dr. Hagen records only two
specimens from Sumatra. These three specimens were observed by their
captors to settle quite suddenly on a low shrub with folded wings, having
descended from a high and rapid flight. From Selesseh, Bohorok, and the
outer ranges of the Battak mountains a few specimens have been ob-
tained, including two females only; but on the western boundary
of our area it must be very common, as the Gayoe collectors brought
in hundreds of males. It flies from March to August, but is most abun-
dant in May,
562. NEPHERONIA VALERIA, Cramer.
Wallace. Staudinger. Hagen. Semper as lutescens. N. valeria
was originally described from a male from Java. N. lutescens, Butler,
was originally described from a male from Borneo. Wallace, while re-
taining the Bornean form under N. valeria, says that the male has the
forewing rather more elongated than in the typical Javan form, with
a slightly concave outer margin. I have a large series of both sexes of
N. valeria from the Malay Peninsula (called N. lutescens by Distant),
Sumatra, Nias, Java, and Borneo. J find both sexes in all localities
slightly variable, and I do not think it is possible to create (in the sense
of separating them off into local races with distinctive names) local
races for them. N. valeria is a very quick flying and restless insect,
506 UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
is not very rare at Selesseh and in the outer hills as far as Bekantschan,
and is found from March to September, but not in any other month.
The female is decidedly rare, and always has the basal markings on the
upperside of both wings gamboge-yellow. It is a beautiful mimic of
Danais aspasia, Fabricius,
563, HUPHINA NADINA, Lucas.
Snellen. Hagen as remba. The Huphina remba of Moore is a quite
distinct species, and is confined to South India and Ceylon. H. nadina
is very common at high elevations, at Soengei Batoe and on the Central
Plateau, on the sandy banks of hill streams thronghout the year. The
female is vcry rare, and Dr. Martin has only obtained two specimens in
thirtcen years.
564. HUPHINA NERISSA, Fabricius.
Hagen as Pieris nerissa, Fabricius, var. sumatrana, Hagen, H. ne-
rissa appears to be the oldest name for the species of this group, and
was originally described from China, Butlcr records it from Hong-Kong,
the Indian forms of which, generally known as H. phryne, Fabricius,
appear to be highly variable and subject to seasonal dimorphism in all
localities where the climate cxlibits two well-marked seasons, a wet and
a dry. Even specimens from a limited area and an equable climate like
the Battak mountains in Sumatra shew considerable variation in the
coloration of the underside of both wings, some examples being much
richer ycllow than others, and the black lining to all the veins greatly
differing in width. It is mnch rarer than the foregoing species, but is
found in the same localitics from April to September, most numerous in
May and July. Dr. Martin possesses no female.
365. Hurnina Lea, Doubleday.
Grose Smith as var. naomi. Snellen. Hagen as lea and amalia.
Wallace as amalia. Kirby as amalia. Distant as amalia. The
“ Pieris” naomi, Wallace, was described from Lombock and Flores, and
is not at all likely to occur in Sumatra. ‘ Pieris” amalia, Vollenhoven,
was originally described from Sumatra and Banca, a female from the
latter island being figured. Vollenhovon gives for “ Pieris” lea the
islands of Borneo and Banca, so that both species according to him
occur in the latter island. Wallace keeps the two species distinct, and
gives Borneo and Banca for H. lea, Singapore and Sumatra for
H. amalia. I have a large suite of specimens of H. lea from Burma,
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, and am unable to find any
constant character by which H. amalia can be distinguished from it.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 507
Males of H. lea are common in the forests of both the plains and
mountains, and we have specimens taken at Selesseh and Bekantschan
from February to October, but none from the remaining months. The
female is decidedly rare.
566. *HUPHINA JUDITH, Fabricius.
Hagen. H. judith is confined, as far as I am aware, to Java, where
it replaces H. lea, Doubleday, of Borneo, Banca, Sumatra, the Malay
Peninsula, and Burma. The occurrence of H, judith in Sumatra, is, I
think, more than doubtful,
Subfamily PAPILIONINÆ.
567. Trowes (Lrogonoptera) Brooxiana, Wallace.
Grose Smith as brookeana [sic]. Snellen as brookeana [sic].
Hagen as brookeana [sic]. Wallace as brookeana [sic]. Rothschild
as brookianus [sic]. Distant as brookeana [sic]. Staudinger. Kirby.
Occurs throughout the year in the plains and outer hills, not much
higher than Bekantschan, at Selesseh, and even near Bindjei, in Padang
Bedagei and Asahan down the coast; abundant at Quala Loemoerak
near Bohorok, where the males are fond of frequenting a hot sulphur
spring. The female is very rare, Dr. Martin obtained only three.
568. Tromes (Pompeoptera) HonraTHiaNna, Martin.
Ornithoptera honrathiana, Martin, Berl. Ent. Zeitsoh., vol. xxxvii, p. 492 (1892);
idem, id., Nat. Tijd. voor Neder.-Indié, vol. liii, p. 332, n. 1 (1893).
Martin. Hagen. Rothschild as T. vandepollt honrathianus. This
is a local race of “ Papilio” van de polli, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent., vol.
xxxiii, p. 22 (1890), from Java, differing therefrom in the abdomen
in both sexes being very hairy and entirely black instead of more or less
yellow beneath. It is found only on the Central Plateau, and never
below 3-4,000 feet, and is not so rare as T. cunifer, Oberthür. The egg
issalmon-coloured. ‘The types were taken in December, but it probably
flies all the year round.
569. Tropes (Pompeoptera) HELENA, Linneeus.
Cramer as minos. Snellen. Grose Smith as minos. Kirby as
minos. Hagen as hephestus. Wallace as pompeus. T. pompeus, Cramer,
by which name this species is generally known, was originally described
from a female from Bataviain Java. T. minos, Cramer, was originally des-
cribed from a female said to have come from the West Coast of Sumatra,
but is really confined to S. India. T. helena is common throughout the
J. i1 64
508 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
year in the plains of Sumatra, but does not occur probably much higher
than Namoe Oekor. It flies quite close to the sea, as Dr. Hagen took it
plentifully in his garden near Laboean. There are two forms of female ;
I, with somewhat light, whitish forewing and very blick hindwing,
which is the rarer; IJ, with entirely black forewing, but with only small
black spots on the hindwing, which is the commoner. Every gradation
between these two extreme forms exists in Sumatra as elsewhere.
Rothschild records the typical form from S.-E. Sumatra; also (6%), ab.
pluto, Felder, from S.-W. Sumatra; and (d), T. helena cerberus, Felder,
from Sumatra.
570. Tropes (Pompeoptera) AMPRRYSUS, Cramer.
Grose Smith. Hagen as amphrysus, var. rubricollis [sic]; and
amphrysus, var. ruficollis. This specics was originally described from a
male from Batavia in Java. T. ruficollis, Butler, was described from
Malacca in the Malay Peninsula. I can find no constant character by
which to scparate these two species, and Mr. Butler in his original de: -
cription of the latter does not say how they are supposed to differ. Heer
P. C. T. Snellen says also that the two species are identical. It occurs
in Sumatra throughout the year in the plains and on the outer ranges
of the hills, but not highcr than Bekantschan, and is commoner than
T. helena, Linneus. Dr. Martin has twice bred it, the larva feeding on
a crecper with large trilobate leaves. The egg is spherical and yellow,
and in three or four days the caterpillars emerge. When full grown
the larva is of a coffec-brown colour, and has on each segment four,
five, or seven fleshy processes, those on the first four segments (omitting
the head) arc apically thickened and rounded and are bent backwards,
on the other segments they are directed forwards. The larve devour
not only the leaves, but also the bark and soft shoots of their food-
plant if there are no morc leaves to eat, and make a very autible noise
while eating, just as the larve of large Suturnias do. They are very
delicate, and especially so when they have fixed themselves for their
transformation to the pupa state, when on no account should they be
touched. The pupa is yellow, is dorsally notched, and is suspended by a
black median silken girth. If the pupa is touched, disturbed in any
way, or even blown upon, it makes quite a loud noise by moving the
abdominal segments one over the other, which noise is so lond that it
is probably sufficient to scare away some of its enemies. After from 26
to 29 days the imago emerges, which is the longest pupal rest known to
us for purely tropical butterflies—at least as regards all such species as
we have bred. Even the large Papilios such as P. memnon, Linneus,
do not remain more than 15 or 16 days in the pupal stage. Rothschild
wa
EL)
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 509
records (c) T. amphrysus flavicollis, Druce, (b*), ab. ruficollis, Butler, from
Sumatra. .
S7L. Tromes (Pompeoptera) cunntrera, Oberthür.
Ornithoptera amphrisius, Fabricius, ab. cuneifera, Oberthtir, Etudes d’Ent.,
vol. iv, p. 110, n. 9 (1879).
Pupilio (Ornithoptera) ritsemz, Snellen, Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol. xi,
p. 153 (1889).
Ornithoptera ritsemx, var. sumatrana, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 19, n. 5 (1894).
Hagen as ritsemx, var. sumatrana. Found from January to July
only at high elevations to the south of Bekantschan and at Soengei
Batoe. It is rare, as Dr. Martin in thirteen years obtained only three
males and two worn females. He notes “That the Sumatran race
of T. ritsemæ, originally described from Java, differs from Javau
specimens in not having the two cuneiform velvety dark brown spots
on the upperside of the abdomen; the forewing is coloured and marked
exactly like Javan examples; the hindwing has the submarginal row
of dusky powdered spots so very conspicuous and complete in Javan
specimens very slightly indicated, faint, and reduced to one or two
only, in Sumatran examples.” Rothschild does not allow this species
specific rank, but gives it in his exhaustive paper in “ Novitates
Zoologice,” vol. ii, p. 232 (1895), entitled “ A Revision of the Pupilios
of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive of Africa,” under Troides amphrysus,
Cramer, as (d), T. amphrysus sumatranus, Hagen. Unfortunately this
paper only reached me when the whole of the present article was in
print, so that on this occasion I am not able to give it full justice.
All Trordesare true inhabitants of the forest, but the yellow species
(Pompeoptera) in both sexes are very fond of flowers, Hibiscus, Ixora,
and Povrnciana pulcherrima, and so approach houses and are seen in the
gardens, but they never settle on roads. T, brookiana (Trogonoptera)
on the contrary never settles on flowers, but only on damp spots on
roads and also near houses on manure heaps and kitchen middens. All
of them were very appropriately named generically Ornithoptera by
Boisduval, as on the wing they really look very much like birds, especially
T. brookiana, which when sailing high over a road or in the forest has
a most striking resemblance to the small and common Swift of the
tropics. Usually they fly slowly, bnt if pursued their flight becomes
extremely rapid, so that they are soon borne out of reach and sight.
They never entirely settle on flowers, but seize them with their
forelegs, they float above the flower by gently moving the wings for a
few seconds, when they seek another. They are strong fliers, as the
females in especial have to make long journeys to find the rare food-
plant, when so flying they keep high up in the air, doubtless to
510 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
overlook a large stretch of jungle. All Troides are early risers, and
are already out at 7 o’clock in the morning; in the hottest hours of the
day they are rarely seen, but appear again late in the evening at 5
or 6 o’clock, when with the exception of some Satyrinæ, Amathusiinse
and .Hesperiide all other butterflies have gone to rest long ago.
Mr. Walter Rothschild refers to the ey Peninsula local race as
T. brookianus albescens.
572. Partio (Menelaides) antieHus, Fabricius.
P. antiphus, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 20, n. 12, pl. i, fig. 1, larva (1894).
Grose Smith. Snellen as anthipus [sic]. Hageu. Staudinger. In
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., first series, vol. xxv, p. 20 (1865), Dr. Wallace
records P. diphilus, Esper, = P. aristolochize, Fabricius, from Sumatra,
ut this probably in error, as on page 43, n. 26 (Z. c.) he omits Sumatra
from the habitat of the species. It is not a little remarkable I think
that P. diphilus should occur commonly in the Malay Peninsula and Java,
between which Sumatra lies, but not in Sumatra itself, it being replaced
by the present species. In Java both P. diphilus and P. antiphus are
found. In Sumatra P. antiphus flies in the plains throughout the
year and quite near the sca,is common at Laboean and ‘Terdjoen, but
ecrtainly not much higher than Namoe Ockor. It is seen on roads, in
gardcus and orchards, near rivers, is plentiful on the above-mentioncd
Veronica-like blue flower, but notin large forest. It flies slowly and
sails ncar the ground, and is the most common Papilio of Sumatra next
to P. polytes, Linneeus. The larva is velvety black, with numerous black
red-tipped fleshy tubercles or processes, the sixth scgment is milky-
white much as in P. erebus, Wallace. It fecds according to Dr. Hagen
on the same Piperaceaas P, erebus, Wallace, but Dr. Martin has also
bred it on the common Aristolochia indica, Linneeus, and notes that the
full-fed caterpillar feeding on the latter plant is reddish-brown through-
out without the milky-white saddle-mark on the sixth segment. The
pupa is brown, with blunt notches and protuberances. This larva,
like that of Troides amphrysus, Cramer, cats not only the leaves but
also the stalks of the food-plant. Rothschild does not consider
P. antiphus to be a species distinct from P. uristolochie, but records it
from Sumatra as (g), P. avistolochie antiphus, Fabricius.
573. *Papritio (Menelaides) coox, Fabricius.
Grose Smith. Wallace. Distant. There are typical specimens of
P. céon in Dr. Standinger’s collection from Padang in Western Sumatra,
though the locality is somewhat doubtful, as the specimens may have
been obtained from old collections with wrong labels given by dealers.
It occurs also in Java and Borneo.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin —- Butterflies of Sumatra. 51L
574. Papitio (Menelaides) pevianus, Fruhstorfer.
P. doubledayi, Wallace, var. delvanus, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 196
(1895).
Hagen as doubledayi. Originally described from Deli in Sumatra.
Wallace gives P. céon, Fabricius, from Sumatra, Java, and Borneo,
and says that P. dowbledayi, Wallace, the Indian form, differs from it
in having the markings red instead of yellow. The Sumatran form
in both sexes has the markings at the anal angle of the hindwing dis-
tinctly red, while P. céon from Java has them equally distinctly yellow.
The abdomen of our Sumatran examples is, however, more yellow than red.
We have thus true P. coön occurring in Sumatra, and also an interme-.
diate form between that species and the continental P. dowbledayi, shew-
ing the exact region where the one species is gradually becoming trans-
formed into the other. P. delianus is rare in the forests of the plains and:
outer hills, is found at Selesseh, Namoe Oekor, and as high only as
Bekantschan. It chiefly frequents the flowers of high trees and so is
seldom caught. It has a fluttering but quick flight. Dr. Martin hag
specimens from so far south as Asahan. Rothschild does not allow
P. delianus full specific rank, but records it is P. céon, Fabricius, (4),
P. doubledayi delianus, Fr ubstorfer.
575. Papitio (Menelaides) NEPTUNUS, Guérin.
Hagen as neptunus, var. sumatrana, Hagen. The Malayan Penin-
sula form of P. neptunus as figured by Distant has four crimson spots
on both sides of the hindwing in the male, while the Sumatran form
has only two; the female has three spots on both sides in the Malayan
Peninsula form, while the Sumatran has two on the upperside and
three on the underside. In all other respects the species from these
two localities agree as far as I can see. I have not seen specimens from
Borneo, from whence P. neptunus is recorded by Wallace. It is certain-
ly one of the remarkable butterflies of the world; the anal half of the
abdomen in both sexes being of a bright chrome-yellow colour is in
unique and startling contrast to the rest of the black abdomen and the
black wings with the crimson spots on the hindwing. No doubt this
staring yellow-tipped abdomen serves as a very efficient danger-signal
or warning-colour to the enemies of butterflies to leave this particular
species severely alone, the butterfly being obviously a protected one
and with a very strong scent. It is quite as rare as P. delianus,
Frulstorfer, and is found in the same localities. Its flight is very slow
and sailing, always high in the air and out of reach of the net. It is
almost impossible to obtain perfect specimens. Rothschild records this
species from Sumatra as P. neptunus, Guérin, (a*), ab. sumatranus,
512 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
Hagen, and notes that “ This aberration is not confined to Sumatra, but
seems to be thcre the usual form.”
576. *Papitio (Pangerana) PRIAPUS, Boisduval.
Grose Smith. Wallace. Kirby. As far as I am aware, this species
is confined to Java and Borneo (Rothschild, however, says that it “ Does
certainly not occur in Borneo”), but it is possible that it may be found in
the extreme south-east of Sumatra adjoining Java. Dr. Wallace places
it in the memnon group, but as the males differ greatly in shape from
all the species of that group, and moreover have the abdominal mar-
gin of the hindwing folded over anteriorly twice as in the species of
the nox group, P. priapus appears to me to be better placed in the
subgenus Pangerana, Moore, of which Papilio varuna, White, is the type,
and which will probably embrace P. nox, Swainson, and its allies. All
the species of this group, as well as all Troides, have as imagines a very
strong scent, and are certainly highly protected.
577. Parizio (Pangerana) sycorax, Grose Smith.
P. (Pangerana) sycoraz, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p- 54, n. 15, pl. M, fig. 1, male (1893).
Grose Smith. Distant. Hagen. Originally described from Sumatra,
but fonnd also in the Malay Peninsula. In Sumatra it flies from
Bindjei to south of Bekantschan, “but not on the Central Plateau.
We have numerous specimens from Selesseh, and Wr. Martin took
it himsclf at Quala Miuchirtm near Bindjei, and at Roemah Kenang-
kong near Toentoengan, throughout the year. Dr. Hagen has quite
receutly caught it in Kedjang in Southern Sumatra. It has a bold and
high flight like a Troides, and is not easily captured, but in the forest
near Selessch there was a tree of Jambosa aquæa, Rumph., in flower,
on which in July, 1893, the collectors obtained considerable numbers
of both scxes by using a long bamboo-handled net. P. erebus, Wallace,
P. sycorax, and P. hageni, Rogenhofer, are all apparently commoner in
the female than in the male sex, which is the reverse of nearly all
other species of Papilio. Herr Puttfarcken has observed a female of
P. sycorax depositing eggs ou a lime tree (Citrus sp.) at Bandar Quala
in Serdang.
578. Papitio (Pangerana) HAGENI, Rogenhofer.
P. (Pangerana) hageni, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii,
p. 55, n. 16, pl. M, fig. 2, female (1893); idem, id., Journ. A. S. B., vol. xiii, pt. 2,
p. 45, n. 39, pl. iv, fig. 6, male (1894).
Rogenhofer. Hagen. Originally described from Sumatra, where
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 513
it flies throughout the year on the Central Plateaus of Tobah and Karo
only rarely, the male even rarer than the female. Dr. Hagen has seen
it on the wing, and describes the flight as “ memnon-like;” it fre-
quents the flowers of Pavetta. This butterfly as well as P. sycoraz,
Grose Smith, by reason of their curious white wigs proved very attrac-
tive to the Malay collectors, so they awarded them the name “ Kapala
Putih,” which means “ White Head.” It may however have been
due to the fact that they received an extra douceur for every Kapala
Putih they caught that they took such interest in these two particular
species.
579. Parruio (Pangerana) EREBUS, Wallace.
P. erebus, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 26, n. 25, pl. i, fig. 2, larva (1894).
Hagen as noctis and erebus. The P. noctis of Hewitson appears to
be a distinct species confined to Borneo. P. erebus occurs in Sumatra
throughout the year, as we have specimens caught in every month.
It is absolutely restricted to the forest, aud even there does not go to
roads or rivers, but flies slowly through the thickest undergrowth,
where it avoids the net very cleverly by its highly irregular and erratic
flight, and by dodging amongst the bushes, consequently really perfect
specimens are hardly ever obtained. The males are much rarer than
the females, but may sometimes be caught on the borders of the forest
on the sweet smelling Veronica-like blue flower of a small tree, The
Jarva has been figured by Dr. Hagen, is brown with black markings,
the sixth and seventh segments with a white saddle-like band, and the
whole body is furnished with long fleshy tentacles very similar to those in
Troides. It feeds on a Piperucea called ‘‘ Dahoen Peandang” by the
Malays, Dr. Martin saw three larve in Dr. Dohrn’s possession in
February, 1895. The pupa, according to Dr. Hagen, is exactly like that
of the Javan P. nox, Swainson.
580. Partio (Araminta) pEMOLION, Cramer.
Grose Smith as demoleon [sic]. Snellen as demolion, Linnus
[sic]. Hagen. Wallace. Staudinger. Distant. Flies from March
to July in the forests of the outer hills, from Selesseh to south of
Bekantschan ; is rather rare in our area; the males have a very quick
and restless flight and frequent flowers, on which they do not settle,
but abstract the honey while hovering. The larva feeds on Citrus, and
is very similar to that of P. polytes, Linneus, but is of a darker
green colour. In Java it is very plentiful near Semarang.
514 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
( 581. Papitio (Charus) HeLENuS, Linneus.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Wallace. Butler. Distant.
Dr. Wallace separates off the Sumatran and Javan form of P. helenus
from the North Indian form as a “Local form b,” differing in being
“Smaller; the third and fourth lunules from the anal angle beneath
very small or quite absent.” Next to P. polytes, Linneus, and
P. antiphus, Fabricius, this is our most common Papilio, a true inhabi-
tant of the forest, found over the whole of our area, even on the Cen-
tral Plateau, but most plentiful on the outer hills. The male has a
quick and powerful flight, and frequents flowers and wet spots on forcst
roads. The female is rarer, and must be looked for in the forest when
depositing her eggs. The larvais most common in February on different
species of Citrus, it is superficially very similar to that of P. memnon,
Linneus, but is somewhat smaller and has brownish-red lateral streaks,
The pupa is smaller and much more slender, but is coloured like that
of P. memnon. The imago emerges in from 14 to 15 days. Rothschild
records this species from Sumatra as (e), P. helenus palawanicus,
Staudinger.
582. Papirio (Charus) iswara, White.
Hagen. Very rare in our area, more common on the western
boundary, as most of the specimens received have been from the
Gayoe-lands. Occasionally taken at Selesseh and Besitan. Found
in the plains and outer hills. During a short collecting trip in Indra-
giri in the middle of Sumatra, Dr. Fried] Martin found this species very
plentifully in February, 1895, but not a single specimen of P, helenus,
Linneus, was observed.
583. Papitio (Charus) NEPHELUS, Boisduval.
Grose Smith. Hagen as albolineatus, Fabricius [sic]; nephelus; and
nephelus, var. saturnus. Wallace. Staudinger. Distant as nephelus,
var. saturnus. Forbes as saturnus. Butler as saturnus. Distant notes
that in a Sumatran specimen of this species in his collection “The
pale stramineous markings above are more or less shaded with dark
ochraceous.” This remark probably applies to a female. P. albolineatus,
Forbes, was described from Borneo, and is figured in Aid, vol. ii, pl.
clxvi, fig. 1. We have seen no specimen of it from Sumatra, though
Dr. Hagen has recorded it from thence. P. nephelus is rarer than
P. helenus, Linneus, and occurs throughout the year in the plains and
on the outer hills, but not on the Central Plateau. It is also a true
forest butterfly ; the males have a very quick and restless flight, are
fond of flowers, but settle only for a very brief period; never observed
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 515
on roads. The larva feeds on different species of Citrus, the larva
and pupa being practically identical with those of P. helenus, so that it is
only when the imago emerges that one is able to know with certainty
which species is being bred. The pupal state lasts about a fortnight.
Rothschild records it from Sumatra as (b), P. nephelus saturnus, Guérin,
(a*), Q-ab. albolineatus, Forbes.
584. Paprinio (Charus) piopHantus, Grose Smith.
P. diophantus, Grose Smith and Kirby, Bhop. Ex., vol. i, pl. Papilio i, figs. 4,
male ; 3, female (1887).
Grose Smith. Hagen as diaphantus [sic].
Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra.
Expanse: 9, 4°7 inches.
Description: Frmatp. Differs from the male in being larger.
UPPERSIDE, both wings paler. Forewing with a diffused discal macular
pale ochreous band from the inner margin to the lower discoidal nervule.
Hindwing with the large quadrifid whitish patch of a deeper and more
ochreous colour than in the male, and continued to the abdominal margin
in a narrow decreasing deep ochreous band. UNDERSIDE, both wings as
in the male.
Restricted to Sumatra, and found, like P. forbesi, Grose Smith,
only on the Central Plateau not below 3,000 feet. The males on sandy
river beds throughout the year. The female is very rare, Dr. Martin
obtained two or three only in thirteen years. Messrs. Grose Smith and
Kirby say that their fig. 3 is taken from a female. If this is so (it
looks like a male) it differs greatly from the female described above
by me.
585. Partio (Itades) MEMNON, Linneous.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen as memnon and espert. Wallace.
Staudinger. Kirby. In Sumatra the female of this species is repre-
sented by four distinct forms :—
I. Tailless, nearest to the male; forewing with a red epaulette,
i.e. the base of the discoidal cell on the upperside is red; the disc of the
forewing beyond the discoidal cell towards the apex is whitish, there
are all gradations from a few whitish streaks only between the veing
to a large apical white area bearing a few black streaks and crossed
by the black veins, the extreme apex of the wing is always dusky.
Abdomen quite black, with the exception of the extreme apex which
is yellow. This form from Sumatra is figured by Wallace in Trans,
Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, first series, vol. xxv, pl. i, fig. 3 (1865).
II. Tailless; forewing with acreamy-white epaulette; the disc
J. 11 65
516 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
of the forewing beyond the discoidal cell towards the apex not whitish,
but nearly as dark as in the male, bnt of a somewhat duller shade.
Hindwing has the abdominal margin on the upperside yellow. The
posterior moiety of the abdomen rich chrome-yellow.
III. Tailless; forewing with a red epaulette; the disc of the
forewing beyond the discoidal cell towards the apex whitish as in
Form I. Hindwing on ihe upperside with a large outer discal white
area, bearing a series of seven submarginal rounded black spots, of
which the four posterior ones are somewhat enneiform im shape, and
are surrounded by the white area, the abdominal margin yellow as in
Form II. Abdomen as in Form II.
IV. Tailed; the tails shew much variety, being sometimes spatu-
late, sometimes simple and straight withont any apical swelling; fore-
wing with a red épanlette. Hindwing on the upperside with a large
discal white area consisting of eight spots, and filling the discoidal cell
all except the base; the abdominal margin being yellow. Abdomen
entirely yellow except for a dorsal median black streak.
Forms I and II are common, IIT is rather rare, IV is very rare,
Dr. Martin obtaining seven specimens only. Dr. Martin has freqneutly
bred it, and has obtained all four forms of the female from eggs laid by
one mother. Four eggs deposited by a tailed female (Form IV), did not
yield a single tailed descendant like herself. The larva is green with
some whitish lateral streaks and bluish markings. The pupa is sns-
pended on the leaves or stalks of its food-plant, Citrus imonellus, Hassk.,
and Citrus decumana, Linnwus, it is green with the upperside yellow : if
suspended on wood it is greyish-brown of the same shade as the wood.
On one occasion a larva suspended itself on a common blue, white, and
red tin of Huntley and Palmer's biscuits, and this pupa was very bright,
and exhibited some blne and red tints. After 14-15 days the imago
emerges, on one occasion during a most unusual spell of dry weather,
one specimen remained 43 days in the pupa stage. This example was a
very fine and large tailed Form IV female, but all the other tailed
females bred by Dr. Martin emerged as usnal in about a fortnight.
P. memnon is common throughout the year in the plains, not higher
than Bekantschan, in gardens and orchards, near houses and villages
everywhere where species of Citrus grow. It is most plentiful in March,
The male has a quick, restless, nndulating flight, it frequents flowers,
but never goes to wet spots on roads, and is mostly busy in search of
the female through the orange and lime tlickets round the Malay
villages. The female has a slower, more sailing flight, and is often
to be seen on lime trees depositing her round green eggs one at a time
on young shoots. The full-fed larva from Java has been fgured by
4
i895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 517
Heer M. C. Piepers in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxi, p. 350, pl. viii, fig.
5 (1588).
586. Parto (Iliades) rornest, Grose Smith.
P. forbesi, Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Ex., vol. i, pl. Papilio i, figs. 1, 2,
male (1887); id., Martin, Nat. Tijd. voor Neder.-Indié, vol. lili, p. 335, n. 2 (1893).
Grose Smith. Hagen. The male is somewhat variable, on the
upperside of the hindwing in some specimens the usual four anal grey
lunules are almost obliterated. There are two forms of female:—
I. Forewing almost as in the male, somewhat paler only except
the inner margin broadly towards the base. Hindwing with the anal
half not quite touching the discoidal cell creamy-white, this area ending
anteriorly at the second subcostal nervule; bearing in the submedian
interspace an oval black spot which inwardly touches the narrow black
abdominal margin, two conical equal-sized spots in the median inter-
spaces, a conical but smaller spot than the two which precede it in the
discoidal interspace; the margin bears five large black spots, of which
those in the median interspaces alone are free. Underside, forewing
somewhat paler than in the male. Hindwing has the basal red streaks
as in the male, the large creamy-white area spotted with black as on its
own upperside, but in the upper subcostal interspace there is an addi-
tional oval small whitish spot crowned with a few turquoise-blue scales,
with some similar scales in the interspacc above.
II. Similar to Form I, but the forewing has a creamy-white
epaulette as in the Form II of the female of P. memnon, Linneus, in
Sumatra. It is possible that this form of P. memnon may mimic Form II
of P. forbesi.
P. forbesi is found on the Central Plateau only, at a not less eleva-
tion than 3,000 feet above the sea, and flies all through the year. The
male is common, and is caught on the sandy banks of hill streams; the
female of both forms is excessively rare, Dr. Martin obtaining five
specimens only. The first male was obtained by Mr. H. O. Forbes near
Lake Ranau in Benkoelen quite in the south of Sumatra, the females
described in 1893 by Dr. Martin were obtained in the previous year.
587. Papitio (Laertias) potyres, Linnæus.
Snellen as pammon and polytes. Grose Smith as pammon aud
polytes. Hagen. Wallace as theseus. Kirby as numa, Weber, and
antiphus, De Haan (nec Fabricius). Distant. Dr. Wallace separates
off the Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Lombock, and Timor form
from the India, Ceylon, China, and Malay Peninsula form, true P. polytes,
under the name of P. theseus, Cramer, which differs in the male being
518 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
“ Smaller, and the tail always reduced to a projecting tooth.” Neither
of these characters is constant, in specimens from N.-E. Sumatra the
length of the tail especially is very variable, and it is often quite as long
as in Indian specimens. In Sumatra P. polytes has two forms only of
female :—
I. Very similar to the male.
II. Mimicking P. antiphus, Fabricius. This is the P. theseus of
Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. ii, pl. clxxx, fig. B (1777), described from the
west coast of Sumatra; it is also figured by Wallace in Trans. Linn. Soc.
Lond., first series, vol. xxv, p. 52, n. 63, pl. ii, fig. 7 (1865), from Suma-
tra. This form has practically no white spots on the disc of the hiad-
wing as in the corresponding second form of the female of the Indian
P. polytes, which there mimics P. aristolochiæ, Fabricius, a butterfly
which in Sumatra is replaced by P. antiphus, though very rarely there
is just a trace of a whitish spot in the discoidal cell. Papilio numa,
Weber, was described from Sumatra, from the description it would appear
to be the ordinary second form of the female of P. polytes found in India,
so Weber’s habitat is almost certainly incorrect. P. polytes is the most
common Papilio of our area, and occurs probably everywhere except at
the higher elevations and on the Central Plateau. It flies in gardens,
orchards, on roads, near rivers, houses, and villages, and is always to be
seen in the neighbourhood of lime trees. The females prefer to lay
their eggs on young and low trees of species of Citrus, and deposit
three or four eggs only on each bush. The young larvae, like those
of P. memnon, Linneus, P. helenus, Linneus, and P. nephelus, Boisduval,
have a strong superficial likencss to a bird’s dropping, which doubtless
at this stage greatly protects them. The pupal stage is eleven days
ouly. Heer M. ©. Piepers has bred it in Java, and has figured three
stages of the larva in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxi, p. 352, pl. viii, figs. 6,
7,8 (1888). Rothschild records it from Deli, Sumatra, as P. polytes,
Linneus, typical form; also as P. polytes theseus, Cramer, (g!), 9 -f.
javanus, Felder, from Sumatra, rare; also as P. polytes theseus, Cramer,
(i!), Q-f. loc. theseus, Cramer, common.
588. Papitio (Menamopsis) perses, de Nicéville.
P. (Menamopsis) perses, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 46, n. 40,
pl. iv, fig. 7, male (1894).
P. hewitsonti, Westwood, var. sumatrana, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 20, n. 11,
(1894).
Hagen as hewitsonii, var. sumatrana. Also very rare, six specimens
only in thirteen years, on high clevations not below 3,000 feet on the
Central Plateau of the Karo Battaks and in the Gayoe territory in
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 519
November and January. The Hon. Walter Rothschild in Novitates
Zoologice, vol. ii, p. 362 (1895), records this species as P. slateri perses,
de Nicéville, from North-Eastern Sumatra. Neither Dr. Martin or I
can agree with lim in sinking P. hewitsoni, Westwood, from Borneo, and
P. perses as sub-species of P. slateri, Hewitson, from N.-E. India, and
P. tavoyanus, Butler, from Burma. The two latter have extensive blue
markings on the upperside of the forewing, which the two former
entirely lack, and no intergrades between them have been found, so we
think that P. hewttsoni should stand as a full species, with P. perses
as a local race.
589. Papiti0 (Menamopsis) PETRA, de Nicéville.
P. (Menamopsis) petra, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 47,
n. 41, pl. iv, fig. 5, male (1894). :
Described from a single example from the Gayoe mountains taken
in January, 1893. No specimens have been obtained since. Rothschild
records this species as (c), P. slateri perses, de Nicéville, (a*), ab. petra,
de Nicéville. He may be correct iu assigning it to the position of an
aberration only, but as the type is unique, it may be kept distinct for the
present till further specimens are obtained and we know more about
it. Mr. Rothschild’s note is as follows:—‘‘ This insect has been dis-
covered in the same district where P. perses, de Nicéville, was obtained,
and it is most probably nothing but an atavistic example of the latter,
provided it has the same structural characters as P. slateri, Hewitson.
I have not had the opportunity to examine a specimen of this aberra-
tion.” (Nov. Zool., vol. ii, p. 363 (1895).
590. Pario (Hupleopsis) BUTLERI, Janson.
Grose Smith as paradora. Wallace as paradoxa, local form b.
Hagen as paradoxa, var. zanoa. Dr. Wallace describes this species
from Sumatra without naming it as follows :—“Smaller than P. para-
doxa, Zinken-Sommer, from Java and Borneo; intermediate in the
markings between the Java and Borneo forms; interior row of elongate
marks on the upperside of the forewing light blue, not descending
to the outer angle.’ Mr. Butler has described and figured three
species of the paradoxa group from Sarawak in Borneo, viz., P. zunoa,
P. kerosa, and P. juda. Without having the actual types to compare
with Sumatran specimens, it is difficult to say if any of these supposed
distinct species are the same as P. butleri; they are all obviously very
neatly allied to that species and to one another. P. butleri was des-
cribed from Malacca, and is recorded by Distant frdim Province
520 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
‘Wellesley and Kwala Lumpor in Selangor also in the Malay Peninsula.
I possess two specimens from Quang and Kwala Lumpor. Sumatran
specimens agree fairly well with Malay Peninsula ones, and with
Distant’s figure of the species, pl. xxviia, fig. 6, male. Both sexes
mimic the corresponding sexes of Huplea linnei, Moore. Dr. Martin
has obtained two females only of P. butleri, which mimie the female
of E. linnæi. It is rare in the plains and outer hills, near Selesseh, in
Padang Bedagei and Asahan, also in the Gayoe territory, but certainly
not muck higher than Bekantsehan, and flies from January to June and
again in September, but in no other months. The males if undisturbed
are on the wing exaetly like E. linnzi, but as soon as they seent danger
they assume the typical rapid flight of a Papilio. They are very fond
of wet swampy spots on roads in the forest. The females are very
scarce. Dr. Martin’s brother bred it in Asahan in 1891 from larvæ found
on a low shrub (not a creeper) in the forest; they were velvety blaek
with fleshy red tubercles. The pupa, suspended by a black median
girth, adheres by the three posterior abdominal segments to a branch
of the food-plant, and looks like an obliqucly eut off bit of stick as
do the pupe of all this group. The pupa is quite rigid, and has no
motion in the abdominal segments whatever.
591. Papitio (Hupleopsis) Ææxniama, Wallace.
P. enigma, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, first series, vol. xxv,
p. 60, n. 83, pl. vii. fig. 3, male (1865).
Deseribed by Wallace from Malacea, Sumatra, and Bornco. The
specimen figured is from Sumatra. It is possible that the butterfly
figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay., pl. xxvii, fig. 6, as the female of
P. butleri, Janson, ts the true female of P. ænigma. (Wallace records
that species from Malacea as noted above, but Distant concludes that
the Malaccan specimen so identified is the P. butleri deseribed subse-
quently as a distinct species.) It is extremely difficult to say who
is right, Wallace or Distant ; the butterflies of this group are excessively
rare, so that it is almost impossible to get together sufficient material to
decide the point. Dr. Martin has two females only, one taken on the
outer hills south of Namoe Ockor, in December, the other in Indragiri
in the middle of Sumatra, in February. These specimens agree with
Distant’s figure above quoted, and I prefer to consider them to represent
P. enigma rather than to be a dimorphic form in the female of P. but-
leri. Dr. Martin, as noted above, possesses the ordinary form of the
female of P. butleri which mimies the female of Huplea linnæi, Moore,
and was uuknown to Distant.
1895.] UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 521
592. Parno (Hupleopsis) peyomimus, Martin.
P. penomimus, Martin, Hinige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra
(Munich), pt. 1, p. 2, n. 2 (1895).
This butterfly, thongh it has the facies of the species included in
the dissimilis group (subgenus Chilasa), may belong to the paradoxa
group (subgenus Hupleopsis), as it has the hindwing at the termination
of the upper subcostal nervule produced, that being a characteristic
feature of the species of the latter group. P. penomimus reminds one
somewhat of P. ramaceus, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1872,
p. 95, pl. v, fig. 3, from Borneo, which species, however, is placed by
Rothschild under P. leucothoé, Westwood. It is very rare in the forests
of the plains and on the outer hills, occurs near Selesseh, at Bekantschan,
and at Bandar Quala in Serdang from January to March and again in June.
Dr. Martin bred it from some larve found by Herr O. Puttfarcken
at Bandar Quala in Serdang in May, 1894. They feed on a low shrub
in the forest called by the Malays “ Dahoen Laksah,” are velvety green
and deep indigo blue, with round lateral red spots, and short fleshy
tubercles. The pupa is similar to that of P. butleri, Janson, being sus-
pended by a black girth to a stalk of the food-plaut, the three posterior
abdominal segments greatly flattened on the side touching the stick.
As the stalk was still grceu, the pupa also was mostly green with
brown and white markings. The imago emerged in 16 days.
From what I can gather from Mr. Rothschild’s paper on Papilios;
the three last named species all belong to P. paradoxus, Zinken-Sommer,
sub-species telesicles, Felder. Mr. Rothschild’s collection appears to
contain only three males and one female of the group from Sumatra,
of which he enumerates the female as P. paradous telesicles, Felder,
(77), Q-ab. daja, Rothschild. He does not say what his males are.
When he wrote his paper Dr. Martin’s description of both sexes of
P. penomimus had not reached him. Dr. Martin writes to me that
after examining Dr. Staudinger’s collection at Dresden, he considers
that the three species we have enumerated above are all one, aud that
in Sumatra it is trimorphic in the female. What he has described as
the male of P. penomimus is an error, all his specimens of that species
being females. Rothschild names Distant’s figure in Rhop. Malay., pl.
xxviia, fig. 6, male “ (n*), ab. distanti” ; and D?stant’s figure pl. xxvii,
fig. 6, female, “ (u*), ab. nepticula.” As regards P. xnigma, Wallace,
Rothschild records it as ‘‘ (q#), d-ab. enigma, Wallace.”
593. Parttio (Hupleopsts) maiaLus, Distant.
P. velutinus, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xvi,
p. 343 (1885).
Grose Smith as caunus. Wallace as caunus. Butler as velutinus.
522 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Originally described from the Malay Peninsula and is a local race of P. cau-
nus, Westwood, of Java. Itis one of a group which are amongst the most
perfect mimics known, their models being the different local races of
Euplæa diocletianus, Fabricius. It is very rare, Dr. Martin in thirteen
years has obtained two specimens only, both males, in forest near Selesseh,
the first on 23rd April, 1893, the second on 15th July, 1894. The first
was captured by a very clever Chinese collector, who watched and
followed the butterfly for nearly half the day before he was able to
catch it. He correctly took it for a Papilio, but thought it might be a
female of P. butleri, Janson. Rothschild records this species from
Sumatra as P. caunus ægialus, Distant, and notes that “ The type-
specimen of P. exgtalus, Distant, now in my collection, does not differ
from that of P. velutinus, Butler, in the British Museum, except in the
submarginal markings of the hindwing, which are a little smaller in
P. velutinus; one of my three P. ægialus from the Malay Peninsula has
these spots, however, not larger than the type of P. velutinus.”
594. Papieio (Achillides) arsuxa, Horsfield.
P. arjuna, Horsfield, var. gedeensis, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xix, p. 287
(1893) ; idem, id., Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. lv, p. 118 (1894),
Wallace. Hagen. Staudinger. Herr H. Fruhstorfer has recently
described not only P. gedeensis from W. Java and Sumatra, but also
P. prillwitzi from W. Java, and P. tenggerensis from E. Java, while
admitting the occurrence of P. arjuna also in Java. I have not suffi-
cient materia] to form an opinion as to whether or not all these four
species (five including P. karna, Felder), all closely allied, and from
one island, are distinct and valid. Herr Fruhstorfer has sent me
specimens of P. gedeensis from Java which agree with my Sumatran
examples of P. arjuna. They differ from Horsfield’s figure of the
latter in lacking a pale green band across the disc of the fore-
wing on the upperside. In Sumatra specimens are found with and
without the green band; the latter are the commoner. Further obser-
vations appear to be necessary before Herr Fruhstorfer’s species
can be accepted. P. arjuna in Sumatra is restricted to the Central
Plateau, where itis common and flies throughout the year, as the
collectors brought in specimens in every month. Is not nearly so
shy or quick on the wing as P. palinurus, Fabricius. Rothschild
places P. tenggerensis as a pure synonym of P. arjuna; he gives
P. gedeensis as P. arjuna, Horsfield, (a*), ab. gedeensis, Fruhstorfer ;
and allows P. prillwitzt full specific rank.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 523
595. Parro (Achillides) KARNA, Felder.
P. (Achillides) discordia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii,
p. 343, n. 17, pi. I, fig. 2, male (1892).
Hagen as karna. When describing this distinct species I over-
looked P. karna, Felder, described from Java, as Mr. Kirby had placed
it in his Synonomic Catalogue as a “var.” of P. arjuna, Horsfield,
instead of admitting its undoubtedly valid specific rank as he should
have done. It is very rare, and occurs on the western boundary of
our area in the Gayoe territory, from whence in thirteen years Dr. Martin
obtained only ten specimens in the months of January and May. This
fine species is much larger than P. arjuna. Mr. Rothschild considers
P. karna to be a sub-species only of P. arjuna, and records it from
Sumatra as (b), P. arjuna karna, Felder.
596. Paruro (Harimala) PALINURUS, Fabricius.
Grose Smith as palinurus and brama. Hagen as palinurus and
brama. Wallace as brama. Butler as brama. Distant as brama.
Kirby as palinurus, De Haan (nec Fabricius). No author as far as
I am aware has ventured to point out how P. palinurus, Fabricius,
and P. dædalus, Felder, are supposed to differ. Dr. Wallace in his
paper on the Papilionide of the Malayan Region keeps P. brama,
Guérin, described from the Malayan Coast, and P. dædalus distinct, but
does not mention P. palinurus at all. The latter was described by
Fabricius from Tranquebar. P. palinurus is found in Burma, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippine Isles, P. dædalus
in the Philippines. A closely allied species is P. erino, Fabricius,
erroneously described from Africa, but found from Northern India to
Ceylon, I have a good series of P. palinurus from all the localities
above named, and can find no single character by which to separate
them. The exact position of the discal green band on the upperside
of the hindwing seems to be inconstant, in some specimens it reaches
well into the discoidal cell, in others it is bounded by the disco-cellnlar
nervules. In Sumatra P. palinurus is found in the plains only of Deli
and Langkat, occurring throughout the year, and is decidedly rare, but
is somewhat commoner in Serdang. It flies in the forest and settles
on wet spots on forest roads. It is fond of flowers, Tvora, Lantana,
&c., goes to gardens, and is very shy and quick on the wing. It is
not protected against birds,as Dr. Martin has often picked up wings
without body.
597. Paruro (Meandrusa) PAYENI, Boisduval.
Grose Smith. Hagen. P. evan, Doubleday, from N.-E. India, is a
J. 11 66
524 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
local race of P. payeni, Boisduval, from which it differs chiefly in being
larger. P. payent was originally described from Java. Rare at high
elevations, not below 2,000 feet in the Battak and Gayoe mountains in
March and September. Only five specimens obtained in thirteen years.
Rothschild records it from Sumatra and Borneo as (b), P. payeni brunet,
Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 300 (1894), originally described from
Brunei, North Borneo.
598. Partio (Pathysa) ANTIPHATES, Cramer.
P. itam-puti, Butler, Nat. Wand. in East. Arch., p. 276 (1885).
Snellen. Hagen as antiphates; and antiphates, var. pompilius.
Wallace as antiphates, local form a, Podalirius pompilius, Swainson.
Distant as antiphates, var. pompilius. This is a very variable species
wherever it occurs, and as the variations found do not appear to be res-
tricted to geographical areas, it does not seem possible to break up the
parent species described from China into local races. It is common over
the whole of our area, in and near forest, and throughout the year, but
most abundant in March. The males come in crowds to wet spots on
roads, and settle among a number of Prerine, where they evidently
feel protected as they also have white wings; when on the wing they
look hke a “ White,” as their long tails when flying rapidly can hardly
be seen. The females are only caught in the forest as they do not come
to roads. Heer M. C. Piepers has bred it in Java, and has figured the
larva in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxi, p. 349, pl. viii, fig. 4 (1888). Roths-
child records the typical race of P. antiphates from Eastern China; the
Sumatran form as a subspecies, (b), P. antiphates alcibiades, Fabricius ;
with an aberration which “ Seems to be the usual form in Sumatra, but
occurs also in other localities,” as (c*), ab. ttamputz, Butler.
599. Papivio (Pathysa) InsuLanis, Staudinger.
P. agetes, Westwood, var. insularis, Staudinger, Iris, vol. vii, p. 349 (1895).
Hagen as agetes. Staudinger as agetes, var. insularis. This species
was described from Sumatra interior, and the Kina Balu mountain in
Borneo. l allow it specific rank with some misgivings. The Hima-
layan, Assamese, and Burmese forms (true P. agetes) have the second
band from the base of the forewing ending at the submedian nervure,
in the Malayan Peninsula form it ends in the middle of the submedian
interspace (vile Distact’s figure in Rhop. Malay., pl. xlii, fig. 8), in
Sumatran specimens the band is the shortest of all, and ends on the
median nervure, All the markings in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
specimens are darker than in the typical Indian form. But all three
forms evidently grade almost imperceptibly the one into the other.
1595.) L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 525
Found only at high elevations, not below 3,000 feet, on the Central
Plateau and in the Gayoe mountains, throughout the year, but most
abundant in December and January, in which months the Battak col-
lectors brought in hundreds of males. This butterfly, like species of
Charazes, very easily rots, as all specimens brought from the moun-
tains if not properly dried at once in the sun or by the fire fall to
pieces. Rothschild records this species from Sumatra as (b), P. agetes
insularis, Staudinger.
600. Papitio (Pathysa) Hermoorates, Felder.
Hagen as anticrates, var. Flies only in the forests of the plains,
where it is very rare. A few specimens only obtained at Paya Bakong
near the sea in April, and one from near Selesseli in June. Dr. Hagen
had only one specimen from the Gayoe-lands. Rothschild records it
from Sumatra as (d), P. aristeus hermocrates, Felder.
601. Papinio (Zetides) EMPEDOCLES, Fabricius.
Hagen. This species appears to be migrating westwards, Dr. Wal-
lace in 1865 recorded it from Borneo, it has within the last five years
appeared in Sumatra, and in Malacca, Penang and Perak in the Malay
Peninsula. In Sumatra only three specimens have been taken in June
and December at a high elevation in the mountains. Rothschild records
it from Java, Banka Island and Palawan.
602. Partio (Zetides) EURYPYLUS, Linneus.
Wallace as jason. Grose Smith as eurypilus [sic]. Snellen as jason.
Hagen as eurypylus and telephus. Dr. Wallace in Trans. Linn. Soc.
Lond., Zoology, first series, vol. xxv, pl. viii, fig. 4 (1865), has figured
the outline of the costa of the forewing of this species from Sumatra.
Heer M. C. Piepers has bred it in Java, and beautifully figured three
stages of the larva under the name of P. Jason, Esper, in Tijd. voor
Ent., vol. xxxi, p. 347, pl. viii, figs. 1, 2, 3 (1888), Rothschild
records this species from Sumatra as (A), P. eurypylus axion, Felder.
603. Papitnio (Zetides) mecistsus, Distant.
Hageu. Rothschild does not allow P. mecisteus specific rank, he
records it as (4), P. ewrypylus axon, Felder, (b2), ab. mecisteus, Distant.
604. Parinio (Zetides) nvemon, Boisduval.
Wallace as P. jason, Esper, variety or dimorphic form a. Distant.
Hagen. Dr. Wallace writes of this species:—‘This may be a distinct
species, but is more probably a case of dimorphism. The two forms
526 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
[P. jason and P. evemon] are absolutely identical, except that the
red spot at the base of the hindwing on the underside, in P. jason,
Esper, is constantly absent in P. evemon, Boisduval.” Rothschild gives
P. evemon full specifie rank.
605. PAPILIO (Zetides) BaTuycLes, Zinken-Sommer. :
Grose Smith. Hagen. Rothschild records the typical form from
Java, and ‘Most probably also in South-West Sumatra,” and the
ordinary Sumatran form as (b), P. bathycles bathycloides, Honrath.
These four last mentioned species are all inhabitants of the plains,
where’ they occur throughout the year in and near forest, the males
often settled in dozens on wet spots on roads. They are all quick and
strong on the wing, but not quite as fast-flying as P. sarpedon, Linnezeus.
Tf chased away from their favourite spots they behave very like species:
of Catopsilia, and hurry up and down the forest roads in Indian file.
P. mecisteus, Distant, and P. bathycles are somewhat the rarer, the
latter is also found at higher elevations than the others, to the south of
Bekantschan.
606. Paritto (Dalchina) sarpepon, Linneeus.
Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith. Wallace. Distant. Common
all over our area, from the plains to a high elevation throughout the
year on forest roads. The males sit often six or eight together on æ
wet spot on the road. It has a very strong, quick, and jerking flight.
I have figured and described a highly mclanic aberration of this species:
from Sumatra in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vin, p- 54, n, 14,
pl. L, fig. 11, male (1893). Heer M. C. Piepers has bred it in Java, and
has figured the two final stages of the larva in Tijd. voor Ent., vol.
xxxi, p. 346, pl. vii, figs. 8,9 (1883). Rothschild records the typical
form of the species from Sumatra.
607. Parmo (Dalchina) cLoantavs, Westwood.
Snellen. Hagen as cloanthus, var. sumatrana, Hagen. Rothschild
records it from Sumatra as (c), P. cloanthus sumatranus, Hagen. The
Sumatran form is slightly more melanic than the typical form from
North India and Assam, that is to say, the black areas in the forewing
are somewhat larger, thereby reducing the bluish-green markings some-
what, It is almost doubtful if Sumatran specimens conld be correctly
sorted out from Indian ones if the labcls from both were removed and
the specimens mixed up. The Westcrn and Central Chinese form,
P. cloanthus, var. clymenus, Leech, is a good local race, and can be dis-
tinguished at a glance. In Sumatra P. cloanthus is found on the Central
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 527
Plateau, not below 3,000 feet, where it occurs not very rarely
throughout the year.
608. *Papruio (Zetides) ARYCLES, Boisduval.
Wallace as rama. Butler. As this species occurs in the Malay
Peninsula and iu Borneo, I have no doubt that Messrs. Wallace and
Butler have correctly recorded it from Sumatra, though we have not
met with it. The P. rama of Felder, is a synonym of P. arycles. Since
the above was in type I find that Rothschild has four males from
Palembang in the south of Sumatra.
609. Parruīo (Zetides) AGAMEMNON, Linnæus.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Wallace. Distant. Dr. Wallace
records this species from Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java as
local form c. “Size small; tail very short.” The typical form of
P. agamemnon he gives from India, and Manilla in the Philippine Isles.
He has figured the outline of the costa of the forewing of this species
from Sumatra in Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, first series, vol. xxv,
pl. viii, fig. 6 (1865). Rothschild records the typical form from
Sumatra. Heer M. C. Piepers has bred it in Java, and has figured,
all stages of the larva in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxi, p. 341, pl. vii,
figs. 1-7 (1888). It is common throughout the year everywhere in
the plains where Anona muricata and Michelia champaca, Linnæus,
the food-plants of the larve, are found, and frequents the flowers of the
Lantana, &c., in gardens and near houses. As the butterfly is found
also often in the forest, some wild species of Anonacew or an allied
plant for the larva to feed on must grow there. The full-fed larva
exists in two varieties, a bright transparent shining green form, and a
yellow form, both having on the first three segments (omitting the
head) a horny tubercle with orange base one on each side of each seg-
ment. The pupa, which bears a nose-like projection from the thorax
directed forwards over the head, is green with some brownish markings,
and is suspended by a white girdle. After 15 days the imago emerges
from the pupa. The female butterfly prefers young low plants of the
Anona on which to lay her eggs, as on young newly planted bushes
four or five caterpillars are often found together. A “variety” of
P. agamemnon from Western Java has been described and figured by
Heer P. C. T. Snellen in Tijd. voor Ent., vol xxxvii, p. 71, n. 3, pl. iii,
fig. 3, female (1890). It has all the usual macnlar green markings of
the upperside of a deep ochreous colour, probably due to chemical
action, possibly that of cyanide of potassium.
528 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
610. Paptuio (Paranticopsis) XANTHOSOMA, Staudinger.
P. maccareus [sic], Godart, var. canthosoma, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 7 (1889).
Hagen as macareus, Godardt [sic]; and macareus, var. aanthosoma.
Staudinger as macareus ; and maccareus [sic], var..aanthosoma. Occurs
throughout the year in the plains (Selesseh aud Paya Bakong), on the
outer hills, and as far south as Soengei Batoe, also in the Gayoe terri-
tory; most abundaut in November, March and April. In November,
1894, two Malay collectors brought in 104 male specimens collected in
six days from Kepras near Bohorok. We have never seen a female.
The male may be a mimic of Danats vulgaris, Butler, or, as it has a
deep yellow abdomen, of Danais banksii, Moore. They fly exactly like
a Danais, but betray themselves to the collector by coming to wet spots
on roads, which Danais seldom do; also when settled they keep their
wings in constant motion, whereas a Danais always rests with folded
motionless wings. Rothschild records this species from Sumatra as (c),
P. macareus xanthosoma, Staudinger.
611. Paprinio (Puranticopsis) LEucoTHOE, Westwood.
P. leucothoé, Westwood, var. interjectus, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxxvii,
p. 490 (1893).
Hagen as lencothoé ; and leucothoé, var. interjectus. Distant. Stau-
dinger. A variable species as regards the extent of the white markings
in all the localities where it is found. Occurs in the forests of the
plains (Selesseh), and outer hills (Namoe Oekor), not much higher
than Bekantschan; also in Asahan and Indragiri. Rather rare in
February and March, aud again in September. Its habits on the wing
are similar to those of P. butleri, Janson. It is doubtless a good mimic
of a brown Luplea. Rothschild records it from Sumatra as (b), P. leu-
cothoé interjectus, Honrath.
612. Parisio (Paranticopsis) DELESSERTII, Guérin.
Grose Smith. Hagen as lao:locus. The P. delessertit of Guérin
described originally from Pulo-Pinang, has priority over P. laodocus,
De Haan, by one year. The butterfly is a beautiful mimic of
Ideopsis daos, Boisduval. The female is paler than the male, from which
it may instantly be kuown by the two spots beyond the discoidal cell
bisected by the lower discoidal and third median nervules in the
forewing being fused into a large quadrate patch. Found throughout
the year in the plains and outer hills, most abundant from February
to April, Dr. Martin took it himself near Paya Bakong xot far from
the sea. Very common on the western boundary of our area at Bohorok
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 529
and in the Gayoe territory. The males come to roads and to sandy
river banks; the females are very rare, and Dr. Martin obtained three
only.
613. Paruro (Paranticopsis) MEGARUS, Westwood,
Hagen. Very rare in our area, perhaps less scarce on the western
boundary, four specimens only obtained from January to March at
Kepras and Bohorok. Dr. Hagen obtained a single example from the
outer hills.
614. Leptocircus CURIUS, Fabricius.
Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Staudinger. Distant.
615. Leprocircus MEGES, Zinken-Sommer.
Hagen. Staudinger as virescens. Both species of Leptocircus occur
throughout the year in the plains and on the outer hills; they are fond
of running water, and fly very low over open grassy places on river
banks; they often settle on wet sand, but never on the grass. When
flying they make constantly a strange vibrating motion with the hind-
wings, which adds to their strong likeness to dragonflies. The females
are rare.
Family HESPERIIDA.
In the family Hesperiide we have followed the order given in
Captain E. Y. Watson’s paper in the Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society, vol. ix, p. 411 (1895), entitled “ A key to the Asiatic
Genera of the Hespertide,” which considerably changes the sequence
of the genera in Captain Watson’s previous paper in the Proceedings of
the Zoological Society of London, 1893, p. 3, “A proposed Classifica-
tion of the Hesperiidæ, with a Revision of the Genera.”
616. ORTHOPHEÆTUS pHanzus, Hewitson.
Grose Smith as phaneus [sic]. Occurs rarely in forest near Selesseh
and on the outer hills, only two male specimens obtained, one in April,
the other in August.
617. CHARMION FICULNEA, Hewitson.
C. ficulnea, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 49, n. 1 (1894).
Grose Smith. On the outer hills and near Bekantschan throughout
the year not very commonly.
530 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
618. *CELHNORRHINUS LADANA, Butler.
Astictopterus ladana, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 662, pl. xliii, fig. 4,
male.
Grose Smith. I have never seen this species.
619. CELENORRHINUS LEUCOCERA, Kollar.
Throughout the year, but most plentifully in March, and fairly
common from Bekantschan to the Central Plateau, never at lower
elevations.
620. CELENORRHINUS SIMULA, Hewitson.
Pterygospidea simula, Toca aan Ann. and aS of Nat. mo fourth series,
vol. xx, p. 321 (1877).
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Originally described from Sumatra.
Occurs at the same time, and in the same localities, as C. leucocera,
Kollar, but is somewhat rarer.
621. CELENORRHINUS ASMARA, Butler.
Hagen as acmara [sic]. Very rare, only two specimens obtained
no the mountains in October.
622. CELENORRHINUS AURIVITTATA, Moe,
Hagen. Common throughout the year from Selesseh to Bekant-
schan; very plentiful near Namoe Oekor. It is very quick flying, and
always settles on the undersides of leaves near the ground.
623. CoLADENIA DAN, Fabricius.
Snellen. Hagen. Standinger. Common over the whole of our
area, and flies throughout the year, often frequenting the same flowers
as Zemeros albipunctata, Butler, and Z. emesoides, Felder, on which it
settles in nearly the same manner, so that it is only when the insect is
iu the net that its identity can often be determined.
624. Dario DIRS, de Nicéville.
D. dire, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. , n. 37, pl. Q,
fig. 49, male (1896).
Rare, five specimens only, from May to July ncar Selesseh and on
the outer hills near Namoc Oekor.
625. SATARUPA GOPALA, Moore.
Only at higher elevations south of Bekantschan rarely throughout
the year. It is an interesting fact that this butterfly, which has only
hitherto been recorded from Sikhim, Assam, and Burma, should occur
as far south as Sumatra.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra, 531
626. Sararupa AFFINIS, Druce.
The “ Tagiades” niphates, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 15,
n. 13, pl. i, fig. 5, male (1887), from West Sumatra (Padang) is a
synonym of this species. In Sumatra it occurs at the same elevations
as §. gopala, Moore, but also lower down on the outer hills. It is a
much commoner butterfly, and flies throughout the year.
627. *Sararupa SAMBARA, Moore.
Hagen. This is probably an incorrect identification, the last-named
species being intended. Herr G. Weymer notes (l. c.) that Tagiades
cosima, Plotz, described from North India, is a synonym of this species.
628. ODINA HIEROGLYPHICA, Butler.
Excessively rare, only one specimen from Bekantschan in October,
1893.*
629. *TAGIADES JAPETUS, Cramer.
Snellen. Hagen. Originally described from Amboina. We have
nothing from Sumatra agreeing exactly with Cramer’s figure, which
shews on the forewing the usual three subapical transparent white dots,
two similar spots in the discoidal cell, and two on the dise divided by
the second median nervule. Itis very closely allied to the next species.
630. Taciapes GANA, Moore.
Snellen. Hagen as gaua [sic]. Not rare in the plains.
631. Tacrapdes atticus, Fabricius.
Occurs commonly over the whole of our area,
Æ I take this opportunity to describe a butterfly closely allied to Odina hiero-
glyphica.
ODINA ORTYGIA, de Nicéville, n. sp.
HABITAT: Daunat Range, Tenasserim, Burma.
ExPaNsEeE: Male, 1°45 inches.
DESCRIPTION : Mare. Closely allied to ‘‘ Plastingia” hieroglyphica, Butler,
described from Sarawak (Borneo), differing therefrom on both surfaces in having
all the black markings reduced by half, ali the orange markings therefore greatly
enlarged. It may be said (to judge from Mr. Butler’s figure) that O. hieroglyphica
is a black insect with yellow spots, while O. ortygia isa yellow insect with narrow
black lines dividing the surface into irregular orange tessellations.
I hope to more fully describe and figure this very beautiful butterfly abt a sub-
sequent date. The type is unique in my collection.
J., m 67
532 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
632. ‘Taciapes ropa, de Nicéville.
T. toba, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc , vol, x, pe , no 32; plas
fig. 47, male (1896).
Occurs somewhat rarely in March, April and October in the
mountains south of Namoe Oekor.
633, TaGiaves DEALBATA, Distant.
Found rarely in the mountains south of Namoe Oekor.
634. TAGIADES RAVI, Moore.
Hagen as rani [sie]. Butler. Not uncommon in the plains.
635. TAGIADES PRALAYA, Moore.
Not common in the mountains south of Namoe Oekor.
636. TAGIADES TRICHONEURA, Felder,
Grose Smith. Hagen. Oceurs rarely in the same regions as the
last-named species.
637. TAGIADES PINWILLI, Butler.
Originally described from Malacca. Excessively rare, a single
specimen only obtained on the outer hills on 9th July, 1594. I have
both sexes of this species from Toungoo in Central Burma. All the
species of Tagiades ave true inhabitants of high forest, and are very
quick on the wing, but they never fly for long distaneecs, and settle often
with outspread wings, mostly on the underside of leaves. The species
whieh have white markings on the wings when flying look wholly
white.
638. TAPENA LAXMI, de Nicéville.
Originally described from Upper Tenasserim and Perak; oceurs
also at Singla, below Darjiling, in May. In Sumatra it is rare in the
forests of the outer hills near Namoe Oekor. Dr, Martin possesses three
pairs only, taken in February, May to Angust, and December.
639, TAPENA THWAITESI, Moore.
Originally deseribed from Ceylon. Is not the “ Plesioneura”
atilia, Mabille, var. palawana, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, pp. 157, 165,
pl. i, fig. 11, male (1889), the same species as, or very closely allied to,
T. thwaitesi? The description and figure are said to have been taken
from a male specimen, but the markings are those of the female of
T. thwaitest. This species is very rare in Sumatra, only two specimens
having been obtained in April in the forest near Selesseh.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 533
Dr. Martin informs me by letter from Munich that he possesses
three specimens of a third species of Tapene which may perhaps be
T. agni, de Nicéville. As I have not seen these specimens I cannot in-
clude them in the list.
640. OponToPTILUM ANGULATA, Felder.
Hagen as angulatus [sic]. Staudinger. The Achlyodes sura of
Moore, described from N.-H. Bengal, is a synonym.
641. OpDONTOPTILUM PYGELA, Hewitson.
Both species of Odontoptilum are common, O. angulata, Felder, at
lower, O. pygela at higher elevations, and occur throughout the year,
They frequent wet spots on roads, settling with wide-spread wings.
O. angulata is called by the Malay collectors “ Koepoe Tai ayam, The
fowl’s excrement butterfly,” which is a very good description of its
appearance.
642. *Asricropterus JAMA, Felder.
Grose Smith. Butler. Distant. I have never been able to identify
this species which was originally described from a male from the Malay
Peuinsula.
643. ASTICTOPTERUS OLIVASCENS, Moore.
Isoteinon melania, Plétz, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxix, p. 230, n. 26 (1885);
Astictopterus melania, id., Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlvii, p. 110, n. 4 (1886).
Hagen as olivescens [sic], and Isoteinia [sic] melania. Herr G.
Weymer has sent me a coloured drawing of the type of “ Isoteinon ”
melania in the collection of Herr Karl Ribbe. It appears to be the
same species as Astictopterus olivascens, Moore, which latter species is
not mentioned by Plétz in any of his papers, and appears therefore to
have been unknown to him. I. melania was described from Malacca. In
Sumatra A. olivascens is very common and ubiquitous throughout the
year, and with Padraona dara, Kollar, is the commonest of our
Hesperiide. Tle males are very fond of the flowers of a wild Geranium-
like plant and are found on every roadside and hedge. The dark uni-
formly coloured butterfly has a pretty appearance when contrasted with
the tiny red cup of the flower on which it is resting.
644. Sancus PULLIGO, Mabille.
Grose Smith as fuscula. Hagen as fuscula. According to Captain
Watson, “ Tagiades” fuscula, Snellen ( =“ Astictop‘erus” celunda, Stau-
diuger), is, as far as is known, confined to Celebes, while S. pulligo,
534 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Mabille (=subfasciatus, Moore, and ulunda, Plétz), occurs in South
India, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, the Sulu Isles,
and the Philippine Isles. In Sumatra it is common on the outer
hills and plentiful near Namoe Oekor throughout the year.
645. KORUTHAIALOS XANITES, Butler.
Grose Smith. I sent a long suite of specimens of this genus allied
to K. «anites to Captain Watson, who prononnces that amongst them
are several undescribed species from Sumatra, to be discriminated by
the length of the palpi and the greater or less prominence of the
orange markings on both sides of the forewing. As this latter feature is
apparently extremely variable I hesitate to describe any of these
supposed new species, as before doing so 1 think that critical examina-
tion of the prehensores of the males of all the species of the genus
should be made.
646. ŅKORUTHAIALOS VERONES, Hewitson.
Astictopterus verones, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. i,
p. 341 (1878).
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Originally described from Sumatra
thus :—“ Both sides rufous-brown. Underside of the anterior wing
marked by a subapical rufous spot.” This is one of the well-marked
forms of the genus, which I possess also from Java. It occurs in
Sumatra not uncommonly with K. xanites, Butler.
647. JXORUTHAIALOS KERALA, de Nicéville.
K. kerala, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. , n. 33, pl. T,
fig. 48, male (1896).
Somewhat rare, occurs in the mountains in May.
648. KORUTHAIALOS KOPHENE, de Nicéville,
K. kophene, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, pe ,n. 34, pl. T,
figs. 49, male ; 50, female (1896).
A rarer species than the one last-named, we possess three or four
specimens only from Sumatra. All the species of the genus are inhabi-
tants of the forest, where they are chiefly found on grassy forest paths
and on low flowers. They occur more abundantly at higher elevations
south of Namoe Oekor.
649. Suapa swerca, de Nicéville.
8S. swerga, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 372, n. 1 (1895).
This species hasa wide range, occurring in Sikhim, Burma, the
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 535
Malay Peninsula and Java, as well as at Bekantschan in N.-E, Suma-
tra in November, rarely.
650. *Suasros GREMIUS, Fabricius.
Staudinger. A very common “Skipper” in India, Ceylon, and
Burma, but we have not met with it in Sumatra.
651. Svcasrus TRIPURA, de Nicéville.
Lagiades tripura, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 392,
n. 36, pl. G, fig. 39, female (1891).
Originally described from Perak; occurs also at Selesseh and in
the outer hills of Langkat rarely in March and December, and in Java
and Pulo Laut.
652. SUASTUS PHIDITIA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Originally described from
Sumatra, where it occurs rarely at Namoe Oekor.
653. IAMBRIX STELLIFER, Butler.
Grose Smith as salsala. Captain E. Y. Watson notes that “TI. stellifer
is quite distinct from I. salsala, Moore, with which it has been said to
be synonymous. It is smaller and darker, and is entirely without the
golden yellow scales on the upperside which are characteristic of
I. salsala.” It is a common species in the forests of the outer hills
throughout the year. It has a very quick flight, and keeps close to the
ground; being so small it is not easy to see when on the wing.
654. IAMBRIX SINDU, Felder.
Hagen. Grose Smith. Found in the same localities and at the
same seasons as the last-named butterfly, but is rarer and not so quick
on the wing.
655. Ge GETA, de Nicéville.
G. geta, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 374, n. 39, pl Q,
fig. 51, male (1895).
Described from Penang in the Malay Peninsula, and from N.-E.
Sumatra, where it is very rare, a few males only having been obtained
from Selesseh and the outer hills in July.
656. AMPITTIA MARO, Fabricius.
Thymelicus palemonides, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lep., p. 28, n. 1 (1892).
Snellen as palemonides. Rare and very local in our area, found at
Stabat and near Bandar Quala in Serdang.
586 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
657. AEROMACHUS INDIsTINCTA, Moore.
Occurs at high elevations from Bekantschan to the Central Plateau
from May to August.
658. Lopsorpes IPIS, de Nicéville.
Isoteinon iapis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. v, p. 213, n. 15,
pl. FE, fig. 9, male (1890).
Originally described from Burma and the Malay Peninsula, occurs
also in Java aud Pulo Laut. In Sumatra it is found somewhat rarely
from Selesseh to Bekantschan from July to October.
659. HYAROTIS ADRASTUS, Cramer.
Hagen as phanicis. Very rare in Sumatra though so common in
India, but occurs throughout the year at Paya Bakong and near
Bindjei. In September, 1894, Dr. Martin noticed a plant of Calamus
(rattan cane) in front of his house at Bindjei, the leaves of which were
much eaten, and attached to the leaves were several empty and one full
pupa of this species, The latter was affixed to a leaf closed with a
web, and looked more like a living satyrine larva about to turn to a
pupa than a real pupa of a hesperid. It was affixed quite flatly to the
leaf, and was capable of considerable motion.
660. Irys IADERA, de Nicéville.
I. iadera, de Nicéville, Journ, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 379, n. 41, pl. Q,
fig. 52, male (1895).
Described from Penang and the Battak mountains of N.-H.
Sumatra, where it occurs throughout the year at high elevations south
of Bekantschan.
661. ZOGRAPHETUS ocycia, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Originally described from
Sumatra. Occurs throughout the year at Selesseh and Namoe Oekor
in the forest, and has a very rapid flight. Fresh specimens have a
beautiful bluish gloss on the upperside of both wings.
662. Isa FERALIA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Java. Rare in the outer hills of Sumatra
in September.
663. Isma Bononta, Hewitson.
In the outer hills in September, very rare.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 537
664. ISMA INARIME, de Nicéville.
I. inarime, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 391, n. 35,
pl. G, fig. 88, male (1891).
Originally described from Perak, found also in Pulo Laut. In
Sumatra it occurs in the forest near Selesseh throughout the year, but
is rare.
665. Isma corissa, Hewitson.
Isoteinon indrasana, Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 441,
n. 166, pl. xx, fig. 5, female (1887).
Originally described from Borneo, occurs also in Lower Burma and
Tavoy. In Sumatra it is found in the mountains south of Namoe Oekor
and Bekantschan in February, July, August, October, and December.
666. Isma SUBMACULATA, Staudinger.
Plastingia submaculata, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 149, pl. ii, fig. 8, male (1889).
Originally described from Palawan in the Philippine Isles. We
possess specimens from Selesseh taken in October.
667. MATAPA ARIA, Moore.
Grose Smith. Hagen as avia [sic]. Occurs thronghout the year
in the plains somewhat plentifully. At Bindjei it entered Dr. Martin’s
house several times at 7 o’clock in the evening attracted by the just
lighted lamps in the verandah.
668. MATAPA DRUNA, Moore.
From Bindjei to the outer hills in February and July; rarer than
the last-named species.
669. MATAPA SAsIVARNA, Moore.
Occurs in the plains and also at higher elevations, found at Bekant-
schan in July, August and December.
670. Sepa cronus, de Nicéville.
S. cronus, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 50, n. 42, pl. v, fig. 4,
mate (1894).
The type, which is still unique, was taken in the Battak mountains
on 10th September, 1893.
671. AcerBAs ANTHEA, Hewitson.
A. anthea, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist Soc., vol. ix, p. 382, n. 1 (1895),
Originally described from Singapore ; occurs also in Tenasserim,
538 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Malacca, Java, and Borneo. In Sumatra a unique example was taken
in the Battak mountains in August, 1894.
672. ZEA MYTHECA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Malacca. Dr. Martin obtained a single
male example in the Battak mountains of N.-E. Sumatra in March,
1894.
673. ERIONOTA THRAX, Linuæus.
Snellen. Hagen. Distant. Very common everywhere throughout
the year in ever following generatious wherever species of wild or
cultivated Musa (“ Pisangs ” in Malay, or Plantains) grow, on the leaves
of which the larva feeds. The larva is white, covered with a white waxy
powder, and has a black heart-shaped head. It lives in a shelter
made of a portion of a rolled-up leaf. To make this shelter, it has
to cut into the edge of one of the enormous leaves to obtain a suitable
segment to be rolled up. The pupa is whitish, covered with the same
white powder as is the larva, and is hidden from view in its dining room.
This powder is of the greatest service to the animal, as in consequence of
the heavy showers of rain of the tropics much water often collects in
the rolled-up leaf, and the pupa if not so protected would soon be
drowned and rot, as it is the powder keeps the pupa dry until the water
has drained away or dried up. The butterfly emerges from the pupa in
the early hours of the afternoon at 2 or 3 P.M., and is on the wing before
sunrise and after sunsct, and comes to the lights in the verandahs of
houses. Even at the earliest dawn, between 4 and 5 A.M., Dr. Martin
has noticed them flying round the plantain groves near his house.
E. thrax often appears in large numbers, and then the caterpillars
assist the south wind in giving the plantain leaves their usual torn
and picturesque appearance ; but as the leaves are but little used except
by the Madrasi Tamils, who utilize small perfect portions as plates
when eating, the larve cause no loss to anyone.
674. Ertonota atrina, Hewitson.
Semper. Originally described from a female from “India” and
Java. Its male is the Unkana batara of Distant. It is rare at low
elevations throughout the year, at Bindjei and in the plains generally.
675. ERIONOTA SANGUINOCCULUS, Martin.
E. sanguinocculus, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,
(Munich), pt. 1, p. 5, n. 3 (1895).
Described from a unique male example taken in the forest near
Selesseh in May. In Dr. Hageun’s collection is a second male specimen,
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 539
676. GANGARA THYRSIS, Fabricius.
Hagen. Grose Smith. Semper. The giant of the HMesperiidæ of
our area, and much rarer than F. thrux, Linneeus, but occurs throughout
the year in places where Calamus grows, on which the white waxy-
powdered downy larva feeds. The pupa is hidden in three rolled-up
leaves, and is fixed by the extremity of the abdomen to a woven tripod
in such a way that it can move in all directions. As soon as its shelter
is touched it makes such a loud rattling noise that anyone would be at
least startled or frightened on first hearing it. Like E. thraz, the
butterfly emerges from the pupa late in the afternoon (from 3 to 5
o’clock p.M.), and flies after sunset.
677. PADUKA LEBADEA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Borneo, but found in Ceylon (subfasciata,
Moore), the Malay Peninsula (glandulosa, Distant), the Andaman Isles
(var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville), N.-E. Sumatra, and
Java. [Itis very rare in our area, in all the time Dr. Martin was in
Sumatra he only obtained three specimens near the village of Selesseh
in March and April.
678, KERANA ARMATUS, Druce.
Found only at higher elevations, from Bekantschan to the Central
Plateau, where it is fairly common and occurs throughout the year.
679. KERANA GEMMIFER, Butler.
Butler. Occurs from Selesseh to Bekantschan rather rarely
throughout the year.
680. KERANA DIOCLES, Moore.
Tagiades maura, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lep., p. 28, n. 1 (1892).
Hagen as maurus [sic]. Grose Smith as diocles. Found com-
monly throughout the year from Selesseh to the Central Plateau. Flies
near villages and houses, on roadsides and open places, never in the
large forests.
681. KERANA FULGUR, de Nicéville.
K. fulgur, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 55, n. 46, pl. i, fig. 6,
female (1894); idem, id., Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 383, n. £2, pl. Q,
fig. 54, male (1895).
Occurs in Selesseh and in the outer hills rarely throughout the
year. Dr. Martin and I obtained four pairs only.
Jom 68
540 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
682. PirDANA HYELA, Hewitson.
Hagen. Originally described from Java, from whenee I possess
both sexes. Found also at Sungei Ujong in the Malay Peninsula. In
this species the underside of both wings is striped with green along the
veins, in P. pavona, de Nieéville, the underside is not thus marked. We
possess only four speeimens taken in Bekantsehan in July and August,
683. PIRDANA pavona, de Nieéville, n. sp.
Hapitat: Perak in the Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra; Java.
ExpansE: g, 1°85 to 2°25; 9, 1°90 to 2°30 inehes.
Descrietion: Mate. Uperrsips, both wings glossy hair-brown.
Forewing unmarked, the cilia brown. Hindwing unmarked, the cilia
yellow, narrow anteriorly, wide posteriorly, and the yellow colour
extending on to the wing membrane broadly at the analangle. UNDER-
SIDE, both wings very dark verditer green. Forewing with the inner
margiu broadly as far as the median nervure and seeond median nervule
dark ochreous, merging anteriorly into dark brown; the cilia pale
brown, Hindwing unmarked, exeept that the anal angle is somewhat
broadly brown anterior to the broad outer yellow area, whieh latter,
together with the cilia, are as on the upperside. Dody above dark
brown. Palpi and body beneath with a small anal tuft yellow. Femanr.
Upprrsipe, both wings glossy hair-brown. Forewing with the basal half
glossed with deep shining steel bluish-green. Hindwing with the
basal two-thirds glossed with the same colour; the yellow colour at the
anal angle twice as broad as in the male. UNDERSIDE, both wings with
the green ground-eolour of a much paler shade than in the male.
Hindwing with no brown area at the anal angle, the angle itself even
mcre broadly yellow than on the upperside.
Allied to Hesperia ismene, Felder, from Celebes; Hesperia hyela,
Hewitson, from the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra; and Pirdana
rudolphii, Elwes and de Nicéville, from Sikhim, the Khasi Hills and
Tavoy in Lower Burma, but differing therefrom in the ground-colour of
the underside being uniformly grecn, instead of dark brown with the
green colour arranged in stripes along the veins.
Described froni one male from Perak, a single male from the
Battak mountuins of N.-E. Sumatra taken in January, and a male and
two females (the types) from Java, reeeived without preeise loeality
from Herr H. Fruhstorfer. i
684. PLASTINGIA CALLINEURA, Felder.
Originally described from Java. Hesperia latoia, Hewitson, des-
cribed from Singapore, is a synonym, as is also I believe P. margherita,
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 541
Doherty, from Margherita and Sadiya in Upper Assam, and P. fruhstor-
feri, Suellen, from Java. P. callineura appears to be a very variable
species not only in colouring but also in size, as our specimens
measure in expanse of wings from 1:15 to 1:75 inches. In Sumatra it
is common in the forests of the cuter hills south of Namoe Oekor
throughout the year. It settles with folded wings. It requires a skilled
eye to distinguish it when at rest from common species of Padraona or
Telicota.
685. PuLASTINGIA HELENA, Butler.
Hagen. Is much rarer than the last-named species, but occurs
throughout the year from Selesseh to Bekantschan.
686. PLASTINGIA VERMICULATA, Hewitson.
P. vermiculata, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 56, n. 47, pl. v,
fig. 15, male (1894).
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Originally described from Sumatra ;
occurs in the Battak mountains near Bekantsehan in July rarely, only
two or three specimens obtained.
687. PLASTINGIA TESSELLATA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Matassar in Celebes. The markings of
the underside are stated to be “ yellow.” The “ Hesperia” eulepis of
Felder, described also from Celebes, is said to have the markings on
the underside ‘ ochraceo-sulphureis,’”’ and is almost certainly a synonym,
The next-named species is given by Captain Watson as a synonym also,
but it has the markings of the underside “ pure silvery white.” TI be-
lieve it to be distinet. P. tessellata is very rare, two or three specimens
only have been taken near Bekantschan in July.
688. PLAsTINGIA NAGA, de Nicéville.
Hesperia ? naga, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lii, pt. 2, p. 89, n. 37, pl. x,
fig. 2, female (1883).
Occurs at Sibsagar in Upper Assam, Singapore, N.-E. Snmatra, and
Java. Not less rare than the two foregoing species, fonr or five speci-
mens only obtained in March, June and December. Dr. Martin caught
it himself commonly in Singapore in February, 1895.
689. Lorongus caLatuus, Hewitson.
Hewitson, Hagen. Grose Smith. Distant. Snellen, Kirby.
Originally described from Sumatra. I possess specimens from the
542 IL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
Daunat Range in Middle Tenasserim, Burma, and from Java. It is
very rare in our area, a few specimens only have been obtained in Mareh
and May on the outer hills. It is probable that the “ Hesperia” traviata
of Plotz (see No. 756) is a synonym of this species. “ Hudamus” cala-
thus is nowhere mentioned by Plotz, and appears to have been un-
known to him.
690. Lotonaus scuapta, Hewitson.
L. maculatus, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 372, n. 2, pl. xxxv, fig. 1, male (1886).
Hewitson. Grose Smith as schedia [sic]. Kirby. Originally des-
cribed from Sumatra. Distant deseribed it from Malaeca. I possess
specimens from Perak in the Malay Peninsula. The Lotongus parthenope,
Weymer (de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vit, p. 354,
n. 22, pl. J, figs. 4, male; 5, female (1892), is quite distinct from this
species, still more so from L, calathus, Hewitson. LD. schadia is com-
moner in Sumatra than L. calathus, but is always somewhat searce, and
oceurs througlivut the year from Selessch to Namoe Oekor and on the
outer hills. Dr. Martin caught it fairly commonly in February, 1895, on
the small Dutch island of Riouw near Singapore.
691. *Loroncus avesta, Hewitson.
L. avesta, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 383, n. 43, pl. Q,
fig. 56, female (1895). f
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Originally described from
Sumatra, Mr. H. J. Elwes has specimens from Pulo Laut near Borneo,
and I have a single female example from the Ataran Valley, Tenasserim,
Burma.
692. LOTONGUS EXCELLENS, Staudinger,
Proteides excellens, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 141, pl. ii, fig. 6, male (1889).
Originally described from Palawan in the Philippine Isles. Su-
perficially it reminds one instantly of Hasora (Purata) chuza, Hewitson.
lt is very rare at high elevations sonth of Bekantsehan, only four
specimens were obtained in March and August of the last year of Dr.
Martin’s residence in Sumatra.
698. Zera zevs, de Nicéville.
Z. zeus, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 388, n. 44, pl. Q,
fig. 57, male (1895).
Ocenrs rarely at Selesseh and in the Battak mountains in May.
The type is from Pulo Laut near Borneo.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 543
694. HIDARI IRAVA, Moore.
Hagen. Grose Smith. Staudinger. Snellen. Very common and
occurs throughout the year in ever following generations everywhere
where the cocoa-nut palm grows, on the leaves of which the larva feeds to-
gether with Amathusia phidippus, Johanssen (vide ante, p. 393). The
female always lays her eggs on young leaves, and the larve are some-
times so abundant as to do appreciable damage to the palms by devouring
all the leaves. The larva is of a dirty green colour with subdorsal black
stripes and an ochreous head, and is hidden from view between two leaves
of tke food-plant woven together. The pupa is reddish-brown. The but-
terflies are on the wing early in the morning and after sunset, and often
come to the lighted lamps. In the daytime they rest with folded wings
in dark places near houses. Once in 1892 all the cocoa-nut trees near
the Manager’s house at Namoe Oekor were eaten up by the larve, and
later hundreds of the butterflies took shelter during the day in the homnse.
None of them rested on the white-washed walls, but all on the dark
curtains and portières.
695. HIDARI DOESOENA, Martin.
H. doesoena, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra, pt. 1,
(Munich), p. 6, n. 4 (1895).
The name given to this species by Dr. Martin is Dutch, and is
pronounced dusuna not desena. It has been described from six males
only taken in August near Bekantschan.
696. *Hipari HARMACHIS, Hewitson.
Astictopterus harmachis, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series,
vol. i, p. 341 (1878).
Hidari staudingeri, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 395, n. 3, pl. xxxv, fig. 25 (1886).
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Hewitson described this species from a
specimen in his collection from Sumatra, and referred to another in
Dr. Staudinger’s collection from Malacca. Mr. Distant described it as
a “new species” from a Malaccan specimen, also in Dr, Staudinger’s
collection, probably the one Hewitson referred to. Distant also referred
to Astictopterus ? harmachis, but failed to recognise it (l. c., p. 404). We
have not seen this species.
697. Estion ELIA, Hewitson.
E. elia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix, p. 396, n. 1 (1895).
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Butler. Kirby. Distant. Originally
described from Sumatra, where it occurs in our area at Selesseh and
on the outer hills from May to August,
544 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
698. EETION MARTINI, Distant.
Zea martini, Distant, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xix, p. 274,
n. 187 (1887).
Originally described from Northern Borneo. In our area it occurs
rarely at Selesseh, Namoe Oekor, and on the outer hills in April, July,
August, October and November. It has a rapid flight, and when flying
appears to be entirely white.
699. Pirgaurta (Pithauriopsis) atrcHisont, Wood-Mason and de
Nicéville.
Pithauriopsis aitchinsoni, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv,
pt. 2, p. 387, n. 233, pl. xv, fig. 4, male (1886).
Originally described from Cachar; it is common in the forests of
Middle Tenasserim, Burma, where I have taken it sucking up moisture
on the banks of streams in October. It is found also in Java and N.-E.
Sumatra, where it flies throughout the year somewhat scarcely on the
outer hills.
700. NOTOCRYPTA FEISTHAMELH, Boisduval.
Snellen. Staudinger as alysos. Captain Watson gives the “ Plesio-
neura’’ alysos of Moore as a synonym of this species. Common all over
our area throughout the year in shady grassy places in or near forest.
701. NOTOCRYPTA restricta, Moore.
Found always with the last-named species, but is somewhat rarer,
702. Norocrypra MONTEITHI, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville.
Plesioneura monteithi, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. ly, pt. 2,
p. 391, n. 245, pl. xviii, figs. 3, 3a, female (1886).
Originally described from Cachar. It is exceedingly rare, I possess
a single female example from Sumatra.
703. *NOTOCRYPTA ALBIFASCIA, Moore.
Hagen as albofascia [sic]. Originally described from Hatsicga,
Tenasserim, Burma. Itis probable that Dr. Hagen identified the last-
named species under this name, as the two are very closely allied.
704. NotocryprA NERA, de Nicéville.
N. nexra, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 379, n. 25, pl. G,
fig. 27, female (1591).
Originally described from Perak in the Malay Peviusula, occurs
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. ` 545
also in Tenasserim, Burma. Itis very rare in our area, only two
specimens having been obtained from the higher mountains in March.
705. Upaspes FOLUS, Cramer.
Hagen as folus, Fabricius [sic]. Grose Smith. Common and ubi-
quitous throughout the year in gardens and on grassy places and road-
sides ; never in forest.
706. GEHENNA GR&&, de Nicéville.
G. grææ, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 399, n. 47, pl. Q,
fig. 59, male (1895).
Described from a unique male taken on 23rd January, 1893, at Namoe
Oekor.
707. CUPITHA PURREEA, Moore.
Very rare in the forest near Selesseh, only four specimens obtained
in May.
708. TeEntcota Aucas, Linnæus.
T. augias, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 384,
n. 224, pl. xvii, fig. 1, male (1886).
Snellen. Hagen. Distant.
709. TELICOTA BAMBUSÆ, Moore.
Hagen. Both the species of Telicota are common in the plains
throughout the year, and are very fond of flowers.
710. PADRAONA DARA, Kollar.
Grose Smith, as mesa [sic]. There is little doubt I think that
“ Pamphila ” mæsa, Moore, is a synonym of “ Hesperia” dara, Kollar.
Itis more than probable that several species are included under this
name. Nearly everywhere where the genus is found, individuals are
very numerous, and these to a certain extent can be superficially sorted
into apparently distinct species by size and colour, but until the pre-
hensores of the males of a large number of specimens from various
localities have been carefully, critically and exhaustively studied, there
does not appear to be much hope of correct specific diagnosis. P. dara
is the commonest and most ubiquitous of the Hesperiide in our area,
and flies all the year round.
711. *PapraoNa MA&SOIDES, Butler.
Hagen. Originally described from Malacca. I have never been
able to recognise it with any degree of certainty.
546 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
712. *Papraona suntas, Felder.
Snellen. Hagen. Originally described from Amboina, but has
never been figured.
713. PADRAONA PAVOR, de Nieéville.
P. pavor, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 53, n. 44, pl. iv, fig. 8,
male (1894).
Found only at high elevations throughout the year on the Central
Plateau, not below 3,900 feet elevation, where it is as common as P. dara,
Kollar, is in the plains.
714. Papraona GOLA, Moore.
Much rarer than P. dara, Kollar, but occurs all over our area and
throughout the year in the plains.
715. PADRAONA PARAGOLA, de Nicéville, n. sp.
Hasirat: N.-E, Sumatra.
Expanse: g, 9, 1'1 inehes.
Description: Mate. Uppenrsipe, both wings fuscous, with rieh
ochreous markings, Forewing with the basc (especially towards the
costa) irrorated with golden-coloured seales ; a broad oblique discal band
from the inner margin near the base of the wing almost to the eosta
towards the apex of the wing, crossed by the blaek veins, on the side
facing the costa anteriorly with a very irregular, posteriorly with an even,
edge, the side facing the outer margin with an even cdgc; anteriorly at
the end of the discoidal cell indented with a tooth of the fascous ground-
colour ; the band is narrow at both ends, broad in the middle. MHind-
wing with a large oval patch oceupying the middle of the wing not
reaching the costa or the abdominal margin; the base thiekly clothed
with long golden-coloured sctw. UNDERSIDE, forewing blaek, irrorated
throughout, except the basal portion broadly of the inner margin, with
golden-coloured scales; the discal band as on the upperside; a some-
what narrow marginal golden-eoloured band, broadest at the costa, nar-
rowing posteriorly, not quite reaching the inner angle of the wing; an
anteciliary fine black line. INindwing blaek, heavily irrorated throughout
with golden-coloured scales; the discal oval pateh as on the upperside,
but bearing anteriorly at the end of the discoidal ecll a small blaek spot ;
a narrow marginal golden-coloured linc, and an anteciliary fine blaek
line. Cilia throughout golden-coloured, broad on the hindwing, some-
what infuseated anteriorly in the forewing. Head and body blaek, but
thickly elothed with ochreous setw. Antenne anteriorly blaek, post-
eriorly annulated with yellow, the thick portion of the club beneath
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 547
entirely yellow. Femare. Upprersips, both wings with the ground-colour
and markings dniler, the latter narrower, than in the male. Forewing
with uo golden-coloured irrorations at the base of the wing. Unpus-
SIDE, both wings duller coloured throughout than in the male, the discal
patch on the hindwing distinctly whitish.
Nearest to “ Pamphila” gola, Moore, described and figured from
Port Blair in the South Andaman Isles. A synonym of this species
is Padraona goloides, Moore, described and figured from Ceylon. I have
carefully compared specimens of these two species from the above-
named islands, and find that the differences relied on by Mr. Moore to
separate them are absolutely inconstant. The following are recorded
localities for P. gola :—Port Blair, South Andamans; Mergui; Thaing,
King Island (Mergui Archipelago) (Moore); Sileuri (Cachar) ( Wood-
Muson and de Nicéville); Sumba; Sambawa (Doherty); Buxa (Bhutan)
(Elwes); Kiukiang (Central China) (Leech); Sikhim (de Nicéville) ;
Nilgiri District (Hampson); and I possess specimens from the following
hitherto unrecorded localities ;— Calcutta; Orissa; Travancore; Perak
(Malay Peninsula); N.-E. Sumatra; Nias; Java; S.-E. Borneo; and
Celebes. P. goloides has been recorded from Ceylon by Moore, and from
Singapore and Java by Distant. “ Pamphila” naranata, Moore, is
a MS. name for P. goloides in Horsfield and Moore’s Cat. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C., vol. i, p. 251, n. 565 (1857), and was recorded from Java.
I have been informed by Mr. G. F. Hampson that Pamphila augustula,
Herrich-Schiaffer, from Cape York (Northern Australia) and the
Fiji Islands is another synonym. Dr. Staudinger also records a
* Pamphila” goloides, Moore, var. akar, Mabille, from Palawan (Iris,
vol. ii, p. 146 (1889), which may be another synonym. P. puragola differs
from P. gola on the upperside of the hindwing in having the discal patch
broader in the middle thereby causing it to be oval instead of lengthened
or band-like in shape; this feature is especially marked on the under-
side. The golden irroration of the underside almost throughout is pecu-
liar to P. paragola. There are other smaller differences which are very
obvious when specimens of the two species are compared side by side, but
are difficult to express in words. I hope to figure P. paragola shortly.
Described from two males and one female in my collection.
716. Papraona PALMARUM, Moore.
Very rare, but every year Dr. Martin caught a few specimens
round his house at Bindjei in the plains in July.
717. Harr HOMOLEA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Singapore. Occurs in Simatra some-
what rarely on the outer hills from May to August.
J. 11 69
548 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,
718. Harre zema, Hewitson.
Grose Smith. The “ Hesperia ” ormenes, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit.,
vol. xlviii, p. 16, n. 14, pl. ii, fig. 6, male (1887), from Nias, is a syno-
nym of this species. Also rare, occurs from Selesseh to Bekantschan
in March, July and November.
719. Harre insignis, Distant.
Originally described from Singapore. It is a true Halpe, Mr.
Distant placed it in the genus Baoris with a query. Excessively rare,
Dr. Martin took a single male in August near Tandjong Djatti.
720. HALPE Hieron, de Nicéville.
H. hieron, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 54, n. 45, pl. iv, fig. 1,
male (1894).
Hitherto only recorded from N.-E. Sumatra, where it occurs only
at high elevations not below 3,000 feet to the south of Bekantschan.
Tn suitable localities it is not rare, we have specimens taken in Feb-
ruary, April and August.
721, *HALPE BETURIA, Hewitson.
Snellen. Captain Watson states that H. beturia is confined to
Celebes, and he described the Indian, Burmese, and Andamanese form
as H. moorei. It is probable that the Sumatran species should be known
by the latter name. We did not obtain it,
722. *HALPE MARSENA, Hewitson.
Hewitson. Grose Smith. Kirby. Originally described from
Sumatra. It is very close to, if not identical with, “ Hesperia” ornata,
Felder, described from Java, but occurring also in Cachar, vide Wood-
Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. ii, p. 382, n. 214,
pl. xviii, figs, 7, 7a, male (1886). Hewitson’s name has priority by one
year.
723, ITON SEMAMORA, Moore.
I. semamora, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 401, n. i
(1895).
Hesperia barea, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 490,
n. 12 (1866).
Hewitson. Kirby. Hewitson described this species from Sumatra
under the name of “ Hesperia ” barea. It occurs from Namoe Ockor to
Bekantschan and in the Battak mountains in Marcb, July and August.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 549
724, Baoris ocer, Hewitson.
Very rare, only a few male specimens taken near Bekantschan in
March.
725. Baoris (Chapra) maruias, Fabricius.
Snellen as julianus, Fabricius [sic], and julianus, Latrielle. Hagen
as mathias and julianus. Butler as guiianus. The “ Hesperia” julianus
of Latreille was described from Java, and appears to be a synonym of
“ Hesperia” mathias, Fabricius. This widely-distributed butterfly is
very common throughout the year in the plains of Sumatra, especially
so near Mabar.
726. Baorts (Chapra) BRUNNEA, Snellen.
Chapra cere, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 388, n. 31,
pl. G, fig. 33, male (1891).
When describing this species from Burma, I overlooked Heer P.
C. T. Snellen’s description and figure of the species from Java. In
Sumatra it is rare from Bindjei to Bekantschan in March, and again in
October and November.
727. Baoris (Parnara) consunera, Herrich-Schaffer.
Hagen. This is the ‘‘ Hesperia” narooa of Moore, the “ Gegenes’’
javana of Mabille, and the “ Hesperia”’ alice of Plotz, the latter described
from Mergui and the Philippines, of which Herr Gustav Weymer has been
so good as to send me a beautiful coloured drawing of the type, which is
a male, now in the Berlin Museum. It occurs commonly over the whole
of our area and throughout the year.
728. Baoris (Parnara) toona, Moore.
I am unable to follow Mr. J. H. Leech in placing this species as a
synonym of “ Pamphila” pellucida, Murray, specimens of the latter
species in my collection from Japan, from whence it was described,
appear to me to be quite distinct from “Hesperia” toona, The upper-
side of both wings in fresh specimens of B. toona is rich ochreous, which
it never is in B. guttatus, Bremer and Grey=“ Pamphila” mangala
Moore. B. toona has been figured and described by Mr. Distant in Rhop.
Malay., p. 380, n. 3, pl. xxxiv, fig. 9 (1886) as Baoris chaya, Moore,
a species which belongs to the Chapra section of the genus. Hitherto
unrecorded localities for the species are Trevandrum in South India,
Java, and Celebes. In N.-E. Sumatra it is as ubiquitous as the last-
named species. i
550 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
729. Baoris (Parnara) canira, Moore.
Originally described from the South Andaman Isles. It has two
spots in the discoidal cell and four on the disc of the forewing. I have
specimens from Sumatra which agree with Mr. Moore’s figure and
description of the species. I have specimens also from Sumatra which
agree with Mr. Moore’s description and Mr. Elwes’ woodcut of Baoris
austent, described from Assam, which also has two spots in the discoidal
cell and five on the dise of the forewing. Again, I have other speci-
mens from Sumatra agreeing with Mr. Moore’s description of “ Hesperia”
mvoolata, described from Upper Tenasserim in Burma, which has one
spot in the discoidal cell and also five on the dise of the forewing.
Lastly, I have specimens from Sumatra agreeing with Mr. Moore’s
figure and description of “ Hesperia ” kumara, originally described from
Canara in South India, recorded also from Mereui in Lower Burma and
Ceylon by the author. It has no spots in the discoidal cell, but there
are seven discal spots on the forewing. As all my Sumatran specimens
appear to me to represent one and the same species, I record them under
the oldest of Mr. Moore’s four names. It may, however, be subse-
quently found on an examination of the prehensores of the male that
some of these species may be valid. In Sumatra B. cahira is found at
Bindjei and Namoe Oekor in the plains, but is much rarer than the
two foregoing species, but flies throughout the year.
730. Baoris (Parnara) BADA, Moore.
Pumphila apostata, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lep., p. 27, n. 1 (1892).
“ IMesperia ” buda, Moore, was originally described from Ceylon and
Malacca, an is figured in “ The Lepidoptera of Ceylon” by the author.
It has typically no spots in the discoidal cell of the forewing. Mr.
Elwes says that “ Pumphila” [sic] mangala, Moore, and “ Hesperia”
bada, Moore, as wellas “ Pumphila” [sic] fortunei, Felder, originally des-
ciibed from Shanghai in China, are synonyms of “ Hudamus” guttatus,
Bremer aud Grey, originally described from North China. In this I do
not entirely agree vith lim, as I consider H. bada and H. fortunei
to be distinct. Mr. Leech vives H. fortunei as a synonym of E. guttatus,
and omits P. mangala and 4. bada. I agree with him in so far as to
consider P. mangula to be synonymons with F. guttatus; the latter is,
however, larger than (l'5 inches as against g, 12; Q, 13 inches),
and has a different facies to, H. bada. Leech says that Parnara guttuta
“Cen be easily distinguished from P. pellucida, [Murray, originally
described from Japan] by its longer, narrower wings, and by the
spots of the hmdwing, which are almost in a straight line, while
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 551
in P. pellucida the arrangement is alternate.” I have specimens of
P. pellucida from Western China identified hy Mr. Leech, and which
agree with Mr. H. Pryer’s figure of the species in “ Rhopalocera Niho-
nica,” pl. x, n. 11, female, also with Dr. O. Staudinger’s figure in Roma-
noft’s “ Mémoires sur les Lépidoptéres,” vol. iii, pl. viii, fig. 3, male,
which further differ from E. guttatus in the forewing in the lowest of the
three subapical spots being moved outwards towards the margin instead’
of being directly under the other two; the spots in the discoidal cell
are larger and not placed immediately above one another but obliquely ;
and, lastly, the antenne are absolutely different, the shaft being half as
long again as in F. guttatus, and the club elongated instead of being
short and compressed. The differences in markings may perhaps be
considered to be trivial unless shewn to be constant in a long series, but
the difference in the antennæ must be specific. But Leech gives
“ Hesperia” toona, Moore, as a synonym of P. pellucida, which is, I
think, incorrect. Watson gives F., bada as a distinct species, and places
P. mangala as a synonym of P. guttatus. In this I agree with him.
H. fortunei is probably distinct, though placed by Leech as a synonym
of E. guttatus, as noted above. As figured in “ Reise Novara,” Lepidop-
tera, pl. lxxii, fig. 11, male, it has the antenne as long as P. pellucida, but
differs from that species in having no spots in the discoidal cell of the
forewing, and the discal spots of the hindwing arranged in a straight
line instead of being placed alternately. I would arrange all these
names thus :—
l. Baoris (Parnara) toona, Moore, from the Himalayas, Bhutan,
Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, South India, Sumatra, Java,
and Celebes.
2. Baoris (Parnara) fortunei, Felder, from Shanghai.
3, Buoris (Parnara) pellucida, Murray, from Japan and Western
China.
4. Baoris (Parnara) guttatus, Bremer and Grey.
Pamphila mangala, Moore, from the Western Himalayas, China,
and Japan.
5. Baoris (Parnara) bada, Moore.
Pamphila apostata, Snellen, from nearly the whole of India,
Ceylon, Burma, Sumatra, and Java.
In B. toona there are always two spots in the discoidal cell of the
forewing, usually conjoined. In B. guttatus, of which I have a good
series from the Western Himalayas, Western and Central China, and
Japan, there is sometimes a minute spot in the cell (probably this spot
is occasionally absent altogether), or two spots, variable in size, but
never conjoined. In B. bada, there are sometimes no spots, one, or two
552 =. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butierflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
spots, never conjcined. This is the smallest and darkest-coloured
species of the three. In Sumatra it is somewhat rarer than B. cahira,
Moore, but occurs throughout the year from Bindjei to the outer
hills.
731. Baoris (Parnara) couaca, Moore.
Originally described from the South Andaman Isles, and figured
by Moore and Elwes. It differs from B. bada, Moore, in being smaller,
with smaller spots on the hindwing, which are also slightly differently
arranged. Occurs rarely on the outer hills in November.
732. Baoris (Parnara) puanans, de Nicéville.
Parnara pugnans, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 384,
n. 28, pl. G, fig. 30, female (1891).
Originally described from the Malay Peninsula and Nias Island;
in Sumatra it occurs at Selesseh, Namoe Oekor, and in the Battak
mountains from July to October. lt is found also in the island of
Pulo Laut.
733. *Baorts (Parnara) cinnara, Wallace,
Grose Smith. Originally described from Formosa. The deseription
is quite inadequate, and from it the species cannot be identified with
certainty.
734. Ismenr ŒDIPODEA, Swainson.
Rare at high elevations south of Bekantschan in June and
September.
735. ISMENE ETELKA, Hewitson.
Originally described from Sarawak in Borneo; occurs also in the
Ataran Valley, Tenasserim, Burma. The speeies was described from
a female, and is named Ismene itelka on the plate. In Sumatra it is
very rare at higher elevations near Bekantschan. Three specimens only
obtained, one each in March, July, and August.
736. ISMENE HARISA, Moore.
Somewhat rare throughout the year at high elevations from
Bekantschan to the Central Plateau. This species was very common,
however, in February, 1895, in Indragiri in the plains.
737. *Ismene striata, Hewitson.
Snellen. Originally described from China.
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 553
738. ISMENE RADIOSA, Plitz.
I. radiosa, Plétz, Berl. Ent, Zeitsch., vol. xxix, p. 232, n. 35 (1885); idem, id.,
Stet. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xlvii, p. 114, n. 2b (1886).
Originally described from Celebes. My identification is based on
specimens of this species sent to me so named by Heer M. C. Piepers
from Java. A unique example has been obtained in Sumatra near
Bekantschan in March.
739. IsMENE sp.
Dr. Martin informs me that his brother obtained three male
specimens in Indragiri of an Ismene allied to I. iluska, Hewitson,
I. mahintha, Moore, I. antigone, Röber, and I. tonts, de Nicéville. As
I have not seen a specimen from Sumatra I cannot determine the
species.
740. Hasora BADRA, Moore.
Hagen, Grose Smith. Common in the plains, most plentiful
in April.
741. Hasora HADRIA, de Nicéville.
H. hadria, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv, p. 172, n. 10 (1889).
Common in the outer hills and near Selesseh in April, May, Sep-
tember and December.
742. Hasora CHABRONA, Plotz.
H. chabrona, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 406, n. 51 (1895).
Rarer than the two foregoing species, occurs near Selesseh and on
the outer hills in April and September.
743. Hasora Myra, Hewitson.
Originally described from Java. Occurs in Sumatra throughout
the year at high elevations not below 3,000 feet, but never commonly.
744. Hasora (Parata) cnromus, Cramer.
Common on the outer hills in May and June.
745. Hasora (Parata) simpiicissima, Mabille.
H. (Parata) simplicissima, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix,
p. 405, n. 50, pl. Q, figs. 62, male; 63, female (1895).
Occurs not rarely throughout the year at low elevations, in the
plains near Selesseh and at Tandjong Djatti.
554 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,
746. *Hasora (Parata) MALAYANA, Felder.
Snellen. Originally described from the Malay Peninsula.
747. Hasora (Parata) cELÆNUS, Cramer.
Originally described from Amboina. Rare, found from Selesseh to
Bekantschan in January and March.
748. Hasora (Parata) cnoza, Hewitson.
Hagen. Originally described from Sarawak in Borneo. In N.-B.
Sumatra it occurs at Selesseh, and on the Battak mountains from
Bekantschan to the Ceutral Plateau fairly commonly throughout the
year.
749. BIBASIS SENA, Moore.
Flies thronghout the year near Selesseh and on the outer hills,
most plentiful in April.
750. BADAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius.
Throughout the year in the plains at Selesseh, and on the outer
hills near Paya Bakong. The mules come to wet spots ou roads,
where they settle with widely spread wings Dr. Martin notes. Mr.
G. C. Dudgeon has recently described the transformations of this
species from Bhutan in N.-H. India, in the Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society, vol. x, p. 144 (1895).
751. RHOPALOCAMPTA CRAWFURD!, Distant.
Hagen as benjamini. Occurs throughout the year at Selesseh and
on the outer hills from Namoc Oekor to Bekantschan and south of that
place. Herr O. Puttfarcken once found a larva of this species, and
described it as follows:—‘‘ Has the typical shape of the larvee of the
Hespertids, and is like that of Erionota thrax, Linneus. It lived ina
rolled-up leaf, is dirk velvety blue with white transverse lines, head
and legs yellow, head with three black spots arranged in a triangle.”
The following species have been recorded from Sumatra by various
authors, but we have not been able to identify them.
752. *'TAGIADES SATAMPA.
Hagen. He does not give the name of the describer of this species
as he usually does. We are unable to trace it. It is possible that he
1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin —Dutterflies of Sumatra. 555
means the well-known hesperid genus Satarupa, Moore, which occurs in
Sumatra, and is not meutioned by him, though he records Satarupa
sambara, Moore, from Sumatra, under the name of Tagiades sambara.
753. *ISOTEINON PERTINAX.
Grose Smith. There is a “ Papilio” pertinax, Stoll, described from
Surinam in South America, which is placed by Kirby as a synonym of
Telegonus pervivar, Hübner. From the figure I cannot find that it
resembles any oriental hesperid. There is also a “ Papilio” pertinaz,
Sepp, from Surinam, which has been re-named Pamphila schelleri by
Kirby. The book in which it is described and figured is not available
tome. Furthermore, there is a “ Papilio” pertinawy of Cramer, des-
cribed from Surinam, which name stands. This species is the type of
the genus Phlebodes, Hübner.
754. *IsoreiINON MERJA.
Grose Smith. I am unable to trace this specics, and Mr. Grose
Smith does not say by whom it was described.
755. *PAMPHILA rertiner, Moéschler.
P. fettingi, Méschler, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xxviii, p. 219,
n. 26 (1879).
Originally described from males from Sumatra. From the
description it appears to be closely allied to Padraona pavor, de Nicéville
(vide No. 713 ante).
756. * HESPERIA TRAVIATA, Plötz.
H. traviata, Plötz, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlvii, p. 91, n. 75e (1886).
Originally described from Sumatra. Tt is comparcd with Lotongus
parthenope, Weymer, and from the description probably belongs to that
genus (vide No. 689 ante).
arn ee eee A
a, tt AU
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11